添加不同比例的亚油酸和亚麻酸对体外瘤胃发酵和甲烷生成的影响

利用人工瘤胃体外产气法研究添加亚油酸与亚麻酸不同比例混合物对瘤胃发酵和甲烷生成的影响。试验共设8个处理,亚油酸与亚麻酸的比例为0∶0、10∶0、8∶2、6∶4、5∶5、4∶6、2∶8和0∶10 ,每个处理设3个重复。亚油酸与亚麻酸混合物的添加水平为发酵底物干物质的5 %,未添加脂肪酸组为对照。结果表明,所有组合均显著降低产气量和甲烷生成量(P<0 .05) ,且随着亚麻酸比例的升高效果增强。亚麻酸比例超过40 %时显著升高发酵液的pH(P<0 .05) ,所有处理对氨态氮和微生物蛋白均未产生影响;总挥发性脂肪酸随着亚麻酸比例的提高而升高,亚麻酸单独添加显著高于亚油酸单独添加(P<0 .05)。随着亚麻酸比例的升高,丙酸比例显著提高。由本研究结果可知,不饱和脂肪酸降低甲烷的生成与不饱和度密切相关。     

反刍动物甲烷生成量的调控

反刍动物体内甲烷的产生是瘤胃发酵能损失的主要原因,减少甲烷产量对提高反刍动物的能量利用率和环境保护均具有重要意义。因此,本文就反刍动物甲烷生成的机制及影响其生成量的因素等方面做一综述,并对降低甲烷生成量的调控方式进行了分析和展望。     

Effect of Rice Root System on Methane Transmission Velocity

以不同水稻品种为材料 ,通过实验室手段测定水培稻株甲烷传输速率 ,研究水稻根系对甲烷传输的影响。结果表明 :在水培液中加叠氮化钠对汕优 63和冒子头的甲烷传输都有一定的抑制作用 ,但使 2个品种甲烷传输速率明显减小的浓度不一致 ,汕优 63为 0 .1× 10 - 8,冒子头为 0 .5× 10 - 8。说明品种间对叠氮化钠耐性存在差异。通过进一步对汕优 63水稻根系剪切处理表明 :剪根后甲烷传输速率随之改变 ,留根条数、根重与甲烷传输速率的变化均呈明显的线性正相关 ;仅切除根尖 ,甲烷传输速率大幅度下降 ,降低了 5 0 .8%。这些结果说明稻根的主动吸收 ,对稻体的甲烷传输起十分重要的作用     

水稻对稻田甲烷排放的影响。

研究水稻对稻田甲烷排放的影响对有效控制或减少大气甲烷含量、保护大气环境等具有非常重要的意义.笔者从水稻根系对稻田甲烷产生的影响、水稻对稻田甲烷的传输影响和水稻根系的氧化能力对稻田甲烷排放的影响三个方面,对国内外水稻植株影响稻田甲烷排放的研究做一综述,并且分析了未来需要加强的研究内容.     

Influence of Aguamiel (Agave atrovirens) as a Natural Feed Additive on Cecal Fermentation Kinetics of Some Forage Species in Horse Feeding

This study aimed to evaluate the effect of different dose levels of aguamiel (Agave atrovirens) on in vitro cecal gas, methane (CH₄), and carbon dioxide (CO₂) productions of five forage species (Avena sativa [hay]), Moringa oleifera, Caesalpinia coriacea, Salix babylonica, and Eichhornia crassipes using inocula from the horse. The forage samples were incubated with three doses of aguamiel: 0, 34, and 68 μg of aguamiel/g dry matter (DM) of substrate. Cecal inocula were collected from four adult female Criolla horses (3–4 years of age and weighing 300 ± 15.0 kg) grazed on native grasses for about 8 hours without supplementation. Forage type affected (P < .001) cecal asymptotic, rate and lag time of gas, CH₄ and CO₂ productions (mL/g DM), pH and DM degradability. Aguamiel dose had linear and quadratic effects (P < .05) on the asymptotic and rate of CH₄ productions and rate and lag time of CO₂ productions (mL/g DM). Forage type × aguamiel dose interactions were significant (P < .05) for asymptotic, rate and lag time of gas, and CH₄ and CO₂ productions (mL/g DM). Forage species effects were pronounced (P < .05) on CH₄ and CO₂ productions (mL/g incubated and degraded DM) and proportional CH₄ production at all hours of incubation, except for CO₂ production (mL/g incubated DM). Aguamiel dose affected (P < .05) CO₂ production (mL/g incubated DM) and proportional CO₂ production at the incubated hours. Forage type × aguamiel dose interactions were observed (P < .05) for CO₂ production (mL/g incubated DM) and proportional CO₂ production at the incubated hours but had no impact on CH₄ production. It is concluded that addition of aguamiel to five forage species affected fermentation kinetics of gas production resulting in different in vitro cecal gas, CH₄ and CO₂ productions from these substrates.     

新型竹编水泥沼气池力学性能的测试与理论研究

分析了目前在滇南一带开发推广的新型竹编水泥沼气池结构特点，并从实地测试和实验室测试、理论模型的角度，讨论了此类沼气他的结构性能，特别在理论模型研究中，分别针对二维、三维几何模型进行了计算机数值仿真，得到了一些和实地测试一致的结果。实验研究及理论分析说明此类竹编水泥沼气池在力学结构上是合理的，在承受荷载上具有足够大的安全系数，同时也指出了竹编水泥沼气池在实际建造过程中，应该重视的一些技术环节，对于进一步在农村推广应用具有重要的现实意义。     

Fluxes of methane from rice fields and potential for mitigation

Abstract. Methane (CH₄) is an important greenhouse gas. Flooded rice fields (paddies) are a significant source of atmospheric CH₄; estimates of the annual emission from paddies range from less than 20 to 100 million Tg, with best estimates of 50 × 20 Tg. The emission is the net result of opposing bacterial processes: production in anaerobic microenvironments, and consumption and oxidation in aerobic microenvironments, both of which occur sequentially and concurrently in flooded rice soils. With current technologies, CH₄ emission from rice fields will increase as production increases. Over the next 25 years rice production will have to increase by 65% from the present 460 Mt/y to 760 Mt/y in 2020. The current understanding of the processes controlling CH₄ fluxes, rice growth and rice production is sufficient to develop mitigation technologies. Promising candidates are changes in water management, rice cultivars, fertilization, and cultural practices. A significant reduction of CH₄ emission from rice fields, at the same time that rice production and productivity increase at the farm level, is feasible, although the regions where particular practices can be applied, and the trade-offs that are possible, have still to be identified.     

甘蔗叶干法厌氧发酵工艺研究

为实现甘蔗叶的能源化利用,采用干法厌氧发酵方法研究发酵原料总固体含量为20%时,不同接种量、草粪比以及发酵温度对甘蔗叶产气量和产甲烷的影响。结果表明：接种量在30%和40%时发酵可以正常启动,接种量为40%时总产气量最高,但发酵后期甲烷含量下降很快;草粪比为1∶1和2∶1时总产气量高,甲烷含量均在60%以上,产气效果明显好于草粪比为1∶0的处理组;发酵温度为35℃时,总产气量和甲烷含量最高,发酵温度为30℃和40℃时总产气量相差不大。甘蔗叶干法厌氧发酵产沼气效果较好的工艺参数为：接种量30%、草粪比1∶1和发酵温度35℃。各处理组在甲烷含量达到最高值之前,甲烷含量与发酵时间之间呈现很强的线性相关性。产气高峰过后,虽然日产气量明显下降,但气体中甲烷含量下降幅度不大。     

Cattle, ethanol, and biogas: Does closing the loop make economic sense?

The recent surge in US ethanol production has led to an increase in the amount of byproduct feed available to cattle producers. The impetus behind the increase in ethanol production is US policy to increase the production and use of renewable fuels. Manure from cattle production can also be used to produce a renewable fuel: methane. By co-locating a cattle feedlot with an existing ethanol plant, there may be synergies between ethanol, methane and cattle production. Byproduct from the ethanol plant can be fed to feeder cattle, manure from the cattle used in methane production, and the methane used as an energy source in the ethanol plant. Alternatively, methane can be used to generate electricity. We investigate the economic advisability of these systems. Using cost estimates for construction and operating a feedlot and anaerobic digester for methane production, we project revenues and costs over a 20-year time period. Our findings are consistent with studies that have considered just cattle production and methane production. The investment required to build a slatted-floor feedlot and concrete anaerobic digester cannot be justified under existing economic conditions. An increase in renewable fuel/electricity subsidies of at least $0.053 per kW h or $72 per 1000 m³ of methane are required to just break even when methane is used to produce electricity or is burned for thermal energy, respectively.     

不同温度下尿素对水稻土甲烷产生及相关古菌群落的影响

水稻田是大气甲烷的重要排放源。尿素氮肥施用是提升水稻产量和品质的重要措施,但其对稻田土壤中产甲烷古菌的影响规律仍不清楚。通过模拟水稻生长季节可能的田间温度变化,本研究设置水稻土施加尿素(N,400 mg/kg干土)与未施加尿素两个处理,在15℃、25℃、37℃以及50℃下进行为期100天的厌氧培养,定期测定了培养过程中甲烷累积量以及土壤理化因子如p H、NH_4~+-N以及有机碳的变化,并运用基于16S r RNA基因的T-RFLP(末端限制性片段多态性分析)技术分析了产甲烷过程中古菌群落结构随时间的变化情况。结果表明:在中低温范围内(15~37℃),尿素对水稻土产甲烷有抑制作用,但在50℃高温下尿素对水稻土产甲烷量没有显著影响。尿素可能通过改变产甲烷古菌群落结构来影响甲烷的产生,在15~37℃范围内,尿素降低了水稻土产甲烷古菌群落的稳定性,增大了其在不同时间的差异性;而在50℃高温时,尿素对水稻土产甲烷古菌稳定性和差异性的影响不明显。不同温度下,尿素均降低了甲烷八叠球菌(Methanosarcinaceae)的丰度,且随着温度的变化,尿素对水稻土产甲烷机制的改变可能没有影响。