Multi-scale factors affecting bird use of isolated remnant oak trees in agro-ecosystems

With recent emphasis on sustainable agriculture, conservation of native biota within agricultural systems has become a priority. Remnant trees have been hypothesized to increase biological diversity in agro-ecosystems. We investigated how remnant Oregon white oak (Quercus garryana) trees contribute to conserving bird diversity in the agro-ecosystem of the Willamette Valley, Oregon, USA. We compared bird use of isolated oak trees in three landscape contexts - croplands, pastures, and oak savanna reserves - and ranked the relative importance of four factors thought to influence bird use of individual trees: (i) tree architecture; (ii) tree isolation; (iii) tree cover in the surrounding landscape; and (iv) landscape context, defined as the surrounding land use. We evaluated species-specific responses and four community-level responses: (i) total species richness; (ii) richness of oak savanna-associates; (iii) tree forager richness; and (iv) aerial and ground forager richness. We documented 47 species using remnant oaks, including 16 species typically occurring in oak savanna. Surprisingly, landscape context was unimportant in predicting frequency of use of individual trees. Tree architecture, in particular tree size, and tree cover in the surrounding landscape were the best predictors of bird use of remnant trees. Our findings demonstrate that individual remnant trees contribute to landscape-level conservation of bird diversity, acting as keystone habitat structures by providing critical resources for species that could not persist in otherwise treeless agricultural fields. Because remnant trees are rarely retained in contemporary agricultural landscapes in the United States, retention of existing trees and recruitment of replacement trees will contribute to regional conservation goals.     

The influence of precipitation pulses on soil respiration - Assessing the “Birch effect” by stable carbon isotopes

Sudden pulse-like events of rapidly increasing CO₂-efflux occur in soils under seasonally dry climates in response to rewetting after drought. These occurrences, termed “Birch effect”, can have a marked influence on the ecosystem carbon balance. Current hypotheses indicate that the “Birch” pulse is caused by rapidly increased respiration and mineralization rates in response to changing moisture conditions but the underlying mechanisms are still unclear. Here, we present data from an experimental field study using straight-forward stable isotope methodology to gather new insights into the processes induced by rewetting of dried soils and evaluate current hypotheses for the “Birch“-CO₂-pulse. Two irrigation experiments were conducted on bare soil, root-free soil and intact vegetation during May and August 2005 in a semi-arid Mediterranean holm oak forest in southern Portugal. We continuously monitored CO₂-fluxes along with their isotopic compositions before, during and after the irrigation. δ¹³C signatures of the first CO₂-efflux burst, occurring immediately after rewetting, fit the hypothesis that the “Birch” pulse is caused by the rapid mineralization of either dead microbial biomass or osmoregulatory substances released by soil microorganisms in response to hypo-osmotic stress in order to avoid cell lyses. The response of soil CO₂-efflux to rewetting was smaller under mild (May) than under severe drought (August) and isotopic compositions indicated a larger contribution of anaplerotic carbon uptake with increasing soil desiccation. Both length and severity of drought periods probably play a key role for the microbial response to the rewetting of soils and thus for ecosystem carbon sequestration.     

电工电子技术课程在设施农业与科学专业教学改革中的实践

分析了设施农业与科学专业学生的学习特点,结合本专业情况对如何提高教学质量提出了教学内容重组、改革教学手段、采取多种教学形式、重视能力的测试、提高教师自身素质等进行教学的思路。     

加快海南农垦现代热带农业发展的思考

阐述现代农业的基本内涵以及建设现代农业的重要意义，提出海南垦区发展现代农业的思考。     

关于桦甸市农业政策性保险的调查及思考

实践证明,实施农业政策性保险在化解农业生产风险,增强风险防御能力,确保农业生产安全,提高财政支农资金效率等方面具有重要作用。特别是对于桦甸市这样一个具有丰富资源,发展潜力巨大的县级城市而言,深入开展农业政策性保险,对于调整农户种植结构,调动农民生产积极性,促进农业增资和推进新农村建设都具有重要意义。     

长期不同氮肥施用量对潮土团聚体分布和真菌群落组成的影响

不同氮肥施用量显著改变团聚体分布、真菌群落组成及生物胶结物质的产生，但它们之间是否存在相关性尚不清楚。以中国科学院封丘农业生态实验站长期定位试验（2005—2020年）为研究平台，其包含5个施氮水平：0（F0）、150 kg?hm-2（F1）、190 kg?hm-2（F2）、230 kg?hm-2（F3）和270 kg?hm-2（F4），研究了不同施氮量对土壤团聚体组成（>2 000 μm、2 000～250 μm、250～53 μm和<53 μm）的影响，以及团聚体组成与生物胶结物质（球囊霉素相关土壤蛋白（GRSP）及微生物生物量碳（MBC））和土壤真菌之间的相关关系。结果表明，土壤团聚体分布和真菌群落组成分为显著不同的3组，分别为F0、F1和F2以及F3和F4，其中，（1）F1和F2处理团聚体平均重量直径（MWD）最高，同时大于2 000 μm团聚体的质量比例显著增加，并与拟棘壳孢属（Pyrenochaetopsis）富集有关；（2）F1和F2、F3和F4处理均表现为2 000～250 μm团聚体的质量比例增加，而小于53 μm粉黏粒质量比例显著降低，2 000～250 μm团聚体的质量比例增加主要与易提取球囊霉素和总球囊霉素相关土壤蛋白比值（EE-GRSP/T-GRSP）以及易提取球囊霉素相关土壤蛋白（EE-GRSP）显著正相关，而与亚隔孢壳属（Didymella）和被孢霉属（Mortierella）相对丰度显著负相关；小于53 μm粉黏粒质量比例显著降低主要与被孢霉属（Mortierella）、白腐菌属（Phlebia）、黑孢壳属（Melanospora）、Fusicolla、柄孢壳属（Podospora）和亚隔孢壳属（Didymella）相对丰度显著正相关，而与EE-GRSP和/或支顶孢属（Acremonium）、柱霉属（Scytalidium）、外瓶霉属（Exophiala）、EE-GRSP/T-GRSP、MBC显著负相关。因此，土壤团聚体稳定性的变异程度受氮肥施用水平影响。本研究条件下，150 kg?hm-2和190 kg?hm-2施氮水平下的团聚体稳定性超过230 kg?hm-2和270 kg?hm-2施氮水平，与不同施氮量下真菌群落组成及其胶结物质变化显著相关。     

大型高速动静压轴承的试验研究

对一重型磨床上的大型特殊结构的动静压轴承进行了实验研究，完善了一大型高速动静压轴承试验台，改进了基于频谱分析动静压轴承动特性测试方法，实验中着重考虑了激振频率的影响，得出了一些有实用价值的结论。     

农业高校图书馆服务“三农”的新途径

农业、农村、农民是中国社会的重要组成部分.信息环境下,农业高校图书馆利用自身的资源和人才优势为"三农"服务,具有重要的现实意义.文章从几方面提出了农业高校图书馆为"三农"服务的新途径.     

Repeated annual drought has minor long‐term influence on δ13C and alkane composition of plant and soil in model grassland and heathland ecosystems

As a result of global climate change the incidence of drought conditions in Europe is predicted to increase in the future, which also influences plant resistance. Lipids are important plant constituents that protect plants against drought stress and contribute to the intermediate stable carbon (C) pool in soil. However, the extent to which drought influences lipid cycling in the plant–soil system is unknown and, therefore, it remains questionable how the ecosystem recovers after drought. We focused on plant and soil samples from two different plant communities (temperate grassland and heathland) that had been exposed to 5 years of 4.5–6.0 weeks repeated annual drought. They were sampled one year after the last drought to check the recovery of the plant–soil system. Samples were analyzed for their bulk C, stable C and nitrogen (N) isotope (δ¹³C, δ¹⁵N) and lipid composition. Contrary to our expectation, no strong influence of five years of repeated annual drought was observed for above‐ground biomass, roots and soils in the model ecosystems with respect to elemental (C and N concentrations, C : N ratio) bulk isotope (δ¹³C, δ¹⁵N) composition and the total extractable lipid concentration. Thus, plants did not sustain a significant change in their C and lipid concentration as well as their composition after five years of repeated annual drought. This might be related to the comparatively short drought period related to the overall growth season and provides evidence for recovery of the C and lipid dynamics in temperate grassland and heathland model ecosystems exposed to annual drought.     

加快信息化建设 服务怀来农业

从搭建服务平台、延伸服务通道、服务怀来农业三个方面,阐述了怀来县＂8＋1＂农业农村信息化服务模式,为解决农业农村信息传递＂最初一公里＂和＂最后一公里＂问题进行探索,促进了全县农业增产和农民增收。