凉茶渣的黑曲霉发酵工艺和抗氧化活性研究

为促进凉茶渣在畜牧业中的资源化利用,本研究以黑曲霉为菌种固态发酵凉茶渣,首先在单因素试验条件下考察了时间、温度、含水量、浸泡液pH、氮源和碳源对凉茶渣降解率和产物pH的影响;再根据单因素试验结果和规模化生产实际需要,以4%硫酸铵为氮源,2%葡萄糖为碳源,以降解率为考察指标,通过正交试验优化发酵工艺;并通过检测超氧自由基清除率、羟基自由基清除率和1,1-二苯基-2-三硝基苯肼（DPPH）自由基清除率,评价凉茶渣在最优工艺条件下发酵前后抗氧化活性的变化。结果发现,含水量为60%,浸泡液pH为9.0,31℃发酵168 h是凉茶渣的最佳发酵工艺参数。最佳工艺条件下凉茶渣的降解率为25.23%,发酵产物pH为4.53。当凉茶渣发酵前水提液浓度为24 mg/mL时,超氧自由基清除率为43.56%,羟基自由基清除率为47.06%,DPPH自由基清除率为90.71%;当最优条件下发酵产物水提液浓度24 mg/mL时,超氧自由基清除率为30.77%,羟基自由基清除率为95.63%,DPPH自由基清除率为87.36%。本试验结果表明,黑曲霉是适宜的凉茶渣发酵菌种,且凉茶渣经过黑曲霉发酵后具有良好的抗氧化活性。     

海洋SOD抗疲劳作用动物实验方法初探

超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)具有防止细胞过度氧化的生理功能,从海洋生物中提取的SOD,可用于清除运动产生的自由基,起到抗疲劳作用.本文探讨了SOD抗疲劳作用的动物实验方法,为验证SOD抗疲劳效果建立技术平台.     

利用废菌渣生产单细胞蛋白饲料研究

本文以废菌渣为主要原料,利用酿酒酵母(Saccharomyces cerevisiae)和黑曲霉(Aspergillus niger)两菌株进行混合固态发酵生产单细胞蛋白饲料.通过单因素试验和正交试验确定最佳培养条件.结果表明,各因素对粗蛋白质含量的影响为废菌渣与麸皮的比例>培养时间>氮源>水料比;混茵固态发酵的最佳培养条件为废茵渣80%:麸皮20%,硝酸铵2%.尿素1%,KH2PO4 2%,MgSO4·7H2O 1%,水料比为2.5:1,pH为4,接种量为20%,培养时间为120 h时,此时粗蛋白质含量最高,由发酵前的9.61%提高到23.28%.     

Study on the association of BoLA-DRB3.2 alleles with clinical mastitis in Norwegian Red cows

Genotyping of bovine leucocyte antigen DRB3.2 (BoLA-DRB3.2) in a total of 523 Norwegian Red (NR) cows from two groups selected for high protein yield and low clinical mastitis, respectively, identified 27 previously reported BoLA-DRB3.2 alleles across the groups. Significant differences in BoLA-DRB3.2 allele frequencies were found between the selection groups. Alleles *13, *18, *22 and *27 had a significantly higher frequency in cows selected for low clinical mastitis, while alleles *3, *9, *11 and *26 had a higher frequency in cows selected for high protein yield. Associations between BoLA-DRB3.2 alleles and clinical mastitis were analysed based on mastitis data from 741,072 first-lactation NR cows, of which 452 were genotyped. Alleles *22 and *26 were found to be associated with increased clinical mastitis, while alleles *7, *11, *18 and *24 had a favourable effect on mastitis resistance. Contradictory results from different studies investigating associations between BoLA-DRB3.2 alleles and mastitis indicate that future studies should focus on associations of mastitis with BoLA haplotypes rather than with single BoLA genes.     

我国干旱半干旱地区气候变化及其影响

全球气候变化正在直接或间接地对自然生态系统和人类经济社会产生影响,而干旱、半干旱地区的生态系统非常脆弱,对气候变化异常敏感,通过对我国干旱半干旱地区气候变化及影响研究,认为在近50年我国干旱半干旱地区气温上升了1.8℃、降水增多29mm、地表蒸发加大、径流量减少、水资源供求矛盾加剧;农业结构调整,绿洲灌溉区农作物气候产量提高,雨养旱作区农作物产量减少;部分草原生产力下降,病虫害加剧;沙尘暴总体呈减少趋势,但局部地区由于气温升高,土壤水分耗减加速,风沙活动加剧;农业、航空、建筑、渔业、交通、工业均受到影响。     

河北省城郊农业发展方向与模式研究

通过对城郊农业特点的分析,提出城郊农业应向二、三产业延伸,实行多功能开发,走观光采摘农业的路子。在实际工作中,通过坚持3个结合、做好5项工作,实现4个功能。     

饲草作物对土壤健康与农业可持续发展的作用

饲草作物是指为增加土壤肥力,防止土壤侵蚀,累积和保护土层,增加土壤养分和含水率以及提高土壤质量而种植的植物。饲草作物为农田土壤提供了诸多益处,其还有助于增加和维持土壤中的微生物多样性。本文对多种饲草作物对土壤特性的作用,如土壤含水量、土壤微生物的活动、土壤碳固存、土壤硝态氮淋失、土壤水分和土壤健康等进行综述。饲草作物的选择通常取决于其自身对土壤的作用,其他考虑因素还包括天气条件,播种时间,是否为豆科植物以及杀灭饲草作物的时间和方法。研究表明,饲草作物也可用于减缓气候变化,抑制作物中的杂草,增加可交换的营养物质如Mg2+和K+,具有一定的经济性。另外,覆盖作物也会存在一些问题,包括杀灭覆盖作物的方法,其可能成为病原体的寄主,饲草作物的再生性以及短期收益不明显。尽管有一些局限,饲草作物仍被认为可以明显改善土壤整体健康状况,为主栽作物提供可持续的生态环境。     

Long-term retention of coded wire tags in juvenile Arctic charr Salvelinus alpinus

Abstract  A hatchery experiment was organised to find out if the high loss rate of coded wire tags, noticed in connection with an Arctic charr Salvelinus alpinus (L.) restocking programme, was size-dependent and also to test head moulds for future taggings. Six moulds made by Northwest Marine Technology Inc. and five moulds made at the Finnish Game and Fisheries Research Institute were used. A total of 100 charr were tagged with standard-length coded wire tags using each mould. One-summer old charr at tagging were held for 534 days and two-summer old charr for 320 days. The tag loss rate varied between 0% and 54% and was negatively related to the size of the charr at tagging. The high loss rate was connected with the poor alignment of some moulds, such that a large proportion of the tags were located in the nasal cavity instead of the nasal cartilage. Testing of the moulds and careful grading of the fish for tagging is emphasised, especially if Arctic charr smaller than 20 g in weight are to be tagged.     

高质量发展下我国休闲农业知识产权保护研究

随着农业新业态迅猛发展,我国农业新业态新领域的知识产权保护显著滞后,尤其在休闲农业领域较为突出。加强相关领域知识产权保护,对于促进我国农业高质量发展和乡村振兴具有重要作用。但是由于休闲农业相关知识产权保护制度体系缺乏可借鉴的国际经验、制度执行缺少针对性的保护手段、新型经营主体知识产权保护意识差等问题,对休闲农业长期健康发展造成较大影响。因此,应基于对不同主体知识产权应用与保护诉求的充分了解,精准创设新型知识产权制度、加快管理方式创新、搭建多元参与平台,系统解决创意设计边界不清、农业资源权利主体模糊、技术更迭快过制度供给等问题。     

Anthropogenic effects on soil quality of ancient agricultural systems of the American Southwest

Soil studies of ancient agricultural fields contribute to research on long-term human–environmental relationships and land use sustainability. This kind of research is especially applicable in desert landscapes of the American Southwest because: (1) soil formation is slow enough that cultivation effects persist for centuries to millennia; (2) many ancient fields in valley margins have remained uncultivated since they were abandoned, so long-term soil properties reflect ancient agricultural use; and (3) agricultural features (e.g., terraces, rock alignments and rock piles, and irrigation canals) provide clues for identifying and sampling ancient cultivated and uncultivated soils. Surficial remnants of these field systems persist and remain intact in many cases. Soil studies of ancient and modern American Indian agricultural systems across the Southwest indicate that soil changes are highly variable, ranging from degradation (e.g., organic matter/nutrient decline, compaction), to minimal net change, to enhanced soil quality. Soil changes caused by cultivation can be inferred by comparing soils in agricultural fields relative to reference uncultivated areas in similar landscape settings (that is, space-for-time substitution). Soil response trajectories vary for a number of reasons, such as variability in initial ecosystem conditions, diversity in agricultural methods, variability in the mix of crops and cropping intensity, and environmental sensitivity to alteration (varying resistance and resilience). Studies of rock mulch soils indicate enhanced fertility, with elevated organic carbon, nitrogen, and available phosphorus levels, increased infiltration rates and moisture retention, and no evidence of compaction. By contrast, cultivation effects vary widely for terraced soils. Although numerous studies have focused on irrigation canals, irrigated soils have received far less attention. Soil studies of irrigation systems along the Gila and Santa Cruz rivers of Arizona now underway will help fill this research gap.