陕北黄土区不同植物根系抗拉力学特性研究

[目的]单根抗拉力学特性是植物发挥固土护坡作用的重要因素,乡土植物分布广泛对区域固土护坡起主要作用,研究比较不同植物单根抗拉力学特性,对坡陡沟深、滑塌频发的黄土区护坡植物选择具有重要意义。[方法]以陕北黄土区的截叶铁扫帚、猪毛蒿、大针茅、铁杆蒿、茭蒿和细叶薹草6种常见乡土植物为研究对象,通过室内单根拉伸试验,比较分析了以上6种植物不同根径单根抗拉力、单根抗拉强度和单根延伸率等力学特性。[结果](1)在根径范围内,6种植物单根抗拉力与根径呈幂函数形(y=ax^b,b>0)正相关关系,植物单根抗拉强度与根径呈幂函数形(y=ax^b,b<0)负相关关系;6种植物单根延伸率随着根径的增加呈现出增大趋势,但单根延伸率与根径之间未呈现出显著的相关性。(2)在试验根径0.05～0.60 mm范围内,植物种类对单根抗拉力、单根抗拉强度和单根延伸率的影响都达到显著水平,6种植物平均单根抗拉力关系为：细叶薹草(10.20 N)>大针茅(7.39 N)>铁杆蒿(6.87 N)>茭蒿(6.44 N)>猪毛蒿(6.34 N)>截叶...     

厄尔尼诺/拉尼娜事件对山西省北部地区气候的影响

通过对山西省北部50a来气象资料的搜集和整理,研究了厄尔尼诺/拉尼娜(El Nino—SouthernOscillation,ENSO)事件对山西省北部地区气候的影响。结果表明,大同、朔州、忻州地区厄尔尼诺事件发生年降水减少,平均气温降低,与正常年份相比年降水量分别减少了46.86,46.44和80.96mm,年平均气温分别降低了0.03,0.17和0.22℃;拉尼娜年降水减少,平均气温降低,与正常年份相比年降水量分别减少了21.27,26.32和25.30mm,平均气温分别降低了0.03,0.18和0.04℃,厄尔尼诺事件年平均气温变化与黄土高原相反。ENSO暖事件对山西省北部地区气温的影响具有从大同向朔州和忻州依次逐渐增强的特点,表明随着纬度的降低厄尔尼诺事件对气温的影响增强,对降水也有类似的影响。ENSO暖事件年发生旱灾的可能性较大,通常会给山西省北部地区的工农业生产带来不利影响。     

植物根系固坡效应模拟及稳定性数值分析

随着生态环境保护的要求日益提高,植物护坡工程的理论和实践研究得到了发展。由于植物根系及其分布的随机性和复杂性,根土相互作用机理以及根系固坡的定量化研究工作还很不深入。本文对根系固土力学机制和根土复合介质抗剪强度模型进行了评述,将根系对土体的强度贡献以“表观凝聚力”表示,采用数值方法对植物根系固坡效应及其稳定性进行了分析,考虑根系强度增量以及护坡深度,在多种情况下进行了边坡整体安全系数计算。分析结果可为植物根系的力学效应评判、护坡植物的选取,以及其优化布设等纵深研究方面提供了理论基础。     

低温对小麦麸皮拉伸力学特性参数的影响

为了揭示温度对小麦麸皮破碎性能的影响规律,选取?80～30℃作为试验温度,利用动态热机械分析仪(DMA)对小麦麸皮试样进行拉伸破坏试验,研究温度对小麦麸皮杨氏模量、极限应力、极限应变等力学特性参数的影响。结果表明:随着试验温度的下降,小麦麸皮逐渐由弹塑性材料转变为脆性材料,玻璃化转变温度为?80℃。杨氏模量随着温度的下降而显著增大,?80℃时的杨氏模量增大了93.14%。极限应力对温度的变化似乎不太敏感,在整个温度变化范围内的增幅较小,约为14.58%。极限应变随着温度的下降而减小,在整个温度变化范围内,极限应变降低了66.68%。液氮消耗量随着温度的下降而呈线性升高,?80℃时的液氮消耗量是?40℃的1.74倍,是?10℃的2.94倍。同时发现,在?10℃附近杨氏模量、极限应力、极限应变、液氮消耗量均出现了一个局部极小值现象。综合考虑小麦麸皮力学特性与冷媒消耗量之间的关系,低温粉碎小麦麸皮的适宜温度可取?40～0℃。基于试验结果,分别给出了杨氏模量、极限应力、极限应变、液氮消耗量关于温差的函数关系式。研究结果初步揭示了低温脆化对小麦麸皮力学特性参数的影响规律,可为小麦麸皮超微粉碎温度的选择提供参考。     

Effects on some clay soil qualities following the passage of rubber-tracked and wheeled tractors in central Italy

There is increased use of rubber-tracked tractors for ploughing on clay soil (Vertic Cambisol) in central, south and insular Italy instead of metal-tracked tractors, because they allow travel on public roads. Field tests were carried out on arable soil previously ploughed and harrowed to compare two types of tractors, one rubber-tracked (CAT Challenger Ch 45) and one wheeled (New Holland 8770) in order to establish the compacting effects resulting from 1 and 4 passes of the tractors in the same track. The following parameters were studied: soil penetration resistance, bulk density and its increment ratio, soil shear strength, soil macroporosity and hydraulic conductivity. Multiple passes made by the two tractors induced very similar effects on the soil in regards to soil penetration resistance. Mean values of penetration resistance (0–0.20 m depth) were 1.15 MPa for the rubber-tracked tractor and 1.11 MPa for the wheeled tractor; mean values of penetration resistance (0.21–0.40 m depth) were 1.07 MPa for the rubber-tracked tractor and 1.17 MPa for the wheeled tractor. The decrease in macroporosity, in particular that of elongated pores in the soil surface layer (0–0.10 m depth) was greater in treatments involving the rubber-tracked tractor (from 20.2 to 2.7%) than for the wheeled tractor (from 20.2 to 10.3%). Following traffic of the two tractors, hydraulic conductivity decreased and the following values were found for the five treatments: control, 18.48 mm h⁻¹; wheeled tractor 1 and 4 passes, 11.15 and 7.45 mm h⁻¹, respectively; rubber-tracked tractor 1 and 4 passes, 3.25 and 1.1 mm h⁻¹, respectively. Highly significant correlations between shear strength and dry bulk density, and between hydraulic conductivity and elongated pores and total macroporosity were found. Significant linear relationships between macroporosity and penetration resistance for 1 and 4 passes of both tractors were found in the soil layers (0–0.10 m). A significant difference was found between tractors and for correlations of penetration resistance values above control values. However, in the soil layer (0–0.20 m depth), with respect to the higher degree of macroporosity and low values of penetration resistance, treatments involving wheeled tractor (1 pass) showed a lower degree of soil compaction than was observed after 1 pass of the rubber-tracked tractor.     

模拟自然降雨条件下植物根系增强边坡土体抗剪强度特征

该研究以位于青藏高原东北部黄土区的西宁盆地作为试验区,采用柠条锦鸡儿(Caragana korshinskii Kom.)、霸王(Zygophyllum xanthoxylon(Bunge)Maxim.)、垂穗披碱草(Elymus nutans Griseb.)、细茎冰草(Agropyron trachycaulum(Linn.)Gaertn.)的单播种植,以及柠条锦鸡儿分别与细茎冰草、垂穗披碱草混播种植等2种方式,开展了原位模拟降雨试验并采用直接剪切试验,系统分析了模拟降雨试验前后试验区边坡表层以下3个不同位置处复合体抗剪强度大小及其随深度变化规律。结果表明:模拟降雨试验前,由柠条锦鸡儿与细茎冰草、垂穗披碱草混播的边坡a层(0~20 cm)根-土复合体黏聚力分别为19.5、18.9 k Pa,均较相同条件下单播边坡a层复合体黏聚力大;混播种植边坡各层根-土复合体黏聚力均较模拟降雨试验后裸坡a层土体黏聚力大,其中柠条锦鸡儿与细茎冰草混播边坡、垂穗披碱草混播边坡模拟降雨试验后,a层复合体黏聚力分别较裸坡a层黏聚力的增幅为30.65%~56.45%;柠条锦鸡儿、霸王、垂穗披碱草、细茎冰草单播边坡b层复合体黏聚力增幅为4.17%~38.89%;柠条锦鸡儿分别与细茎冰草、垂穗披碱草混播边坡b层黏聚力增幅为29.17%~34.72%;边坡c层土体黏聚力增幅相对不及a层、b层显著,反映了草本起到浅层加筋作用,灌木则起到深部锚固作用。     

玉米黄粉可降解性塑料的制备和性质

玉米黄粉是湿法玉米淀粉加工的副产物。为充分利用这种副产物生产可降解塑料,将其与增塑剂甘油混合后,经单螺杆挤压机制成母粒,母粒再被热压成型为试验片,并对试验片的性质进行了分析,结果表明：含有20%甘油的试验片具有良好的机械性质;以Halsey方程为基础,建立的模型能预测试验片拉伸强度与相对湿度关系,经验证模型与实际测量值具有良好的拟合性;应用扫描电子显微镜观察试验片内部结构的结果表明它具有均匀的结构;热重分析的结果表明可降解试验片在170℃以下时能保持热稳定性。     

SSA土壤固化剂对黄土击实、抗剪及渗透特性的影响

为了探讨土壤固化剂对黄土力学特性的影响,通过黄土样中加入SSA土壤固化剂前后的击实试验、直剪试验和渗透试验的对比分析,研究了固化剂掺量、养护龄期与固化土击实、抗剪强度及渗透特性的关系。结果表明,随SSA土壤固化剂掺量增加,固化土的最优含水率有所降低,最大干密度有所增大;固化土的抗剪强度指标黏聚力和内摩擦角随固化剂掺量的增加和养护龄期的延长而增大,渗透系数随固化剂掺量的增加和养护龄期的延长而减小。在实际应用中,建议SSA固化剂最佳掺量为1%,养护龄期至少7 d以上。     

振动频率对压实黄土动强度特性的影响

利用动扭剪三轴仪对压实黄土进行了不同振动频率下的试验研究,分析了振动频率f对压实黄土的动强度和动强度参数的影响规律.研究表明,在一定围压下,压实黄土动强度均随振动频率f的升高而增大,与振动频率呈正相关关系;在试样振动频率确定的情况下,压实黄土的动强度随围压的增加而增大;压实黄土的动黏聚力cd和动内摩擦角ψd均随着频率的增大而升高;动强度参数中cd和ψd随振次的增加均呈减小并最终趋于稳定的趋势.     

Modeling of Salt Sorption in Volcanic Ash Soil

Groundwater pollution by nitrate from agricultural fields is a worldwide problem. To improve the understanding of nitrate transport processes through volcanic ash soils overlying groundwater aquifers, salt sorption experiments were performed. Salt sorption is the process that involves the simultaneous use of cation and anion adsorption mechanisms without changing the pH. Prepared six different concentrations of potassium chloride (KCl) solutions were mixed with soil samples. Anion and cation contents of the liquid and solid phases were determined. Experiments were performed in triplicate of six kinds of KCl solutions for three types of soils. Thus, total 54 of samples were analyzed. Relationships between ionic strength and sorption capacity increments of cations and anions were determined. The results show that if ionic strength of the infiltrating solution to the volcanic ash soil is known, the ECEC (effective cation exchange capacity) and EAEC (effective anion exchange capacity) can be reliably estimated. The resulting prediction equations can be included to improve reactive transport simulation models. Consequently, it will be possible to better understand solute transport with changing sorption capacity for the solid soil phase.