优质晚熟制汁葡萄新品种‘北丰’

 ‘北丰’由‘蘡薁葡萄’与‘玫瑰香’杂交育成。浆果在北京地区9月下旬成熟。果粒椭圆形, 紫黑色, 果粒质量2.9 g, 果穗质量38916 g, 可溶性固形物含量为19.1% ～23.1% , 含酸量0175% ,出汁率81.9% , 汁多, 紫红色, 味酸甜, 品质上等。早果, 丰产, 抗寒性、抗旱性及抗病虫能力均强。     

Involvement of esterases in diazinon resistance and biphasic effects of piperonyl butoxide on diazinon toxicity to Haematobia irritans irritans (Diptera: Muscidae)

Resistance to insecticides remains a major problem for the successful control of the horn fly, Haematobia irritans irritans (L.), one of the most important pests of cattle in many countries including the United States. The organophosphate (OP) insecticide diazinon has been used to control pyrethroid-resistant populations of the horn fly. There are only a few reported cases of horn fly resistance to diazinon in the United States and Mexico. Piperonyl butoxide (PBO) has been used successfully as a synergist of pyrethroid insecticides to control horn flies. PBO-synergized diazinon products are also available for horn fly control in the United States, although PBO is known to inhibit the bio-activation of certain OP insecticides including diazinon. A study was conducted to evaluate the effect of PBO on diazinon toxicity to horn flies using a filter paper bioassay technique. These bioassays in both the susceptible and diazinon-resistant horn fly strains revealed a biphasic effect of PBO on diazinon toxicity to horn flies. PBO inhibited diazinon toxicity when the PBO concentration used was high (5%), and no effect was observed when PBO concentration was intermediate (2%). However, at low concentrations (1% and lower), PBO significantly synergized diazinon toxicity. We demonstrated that enhanced esterase activity was associated with survivability of horn flies exposed to diazinon alone. PBO has been shown to inhibit esterase activity in other insect species. However, results of biochemical assays with esterases from this study suggest that PBO did not have significant effect on the overall esterase activity in the horn fly. The observed synergistic effect of PBO at lower concentrations on diazinon toxicity to horn flies could not be explained by reduced esterase activity due to PBO inhibition. It is likely that PBO synergized diazinon toxicity at lower concentrations by facilitating penetration of diazinon through the cuticle and/or inhibiting the oxidative detoxification of diazinon, and reduced diazinon toxicity at high PBO concentration by inhibiting the bio-activation of diazinon.     

Mutated sodium channel genes and elevated monooxygenases are found in pyrethroid resistant populations of Sri Lankan malaria vectors

The present status of pyrethroid resistance in vectors of malaria; Anopheles culicifacies and Anopheles subpictus, was tested in two malarious Districts, Anuradhapura and Trincomalee, of Sri Lanka. Both species were resistant to permethrin and susceptible to cypermethrin and cyfluthrin. An. subpictus were resistant to deltamethrin. λ-Cyhalothrin and etofenprox resistance was shown only by Anuradhapura An. subpictus. Although there were no differences among the populations for esterase and glutathione S-transferase activities, increased monooxygenase levels were found among Trincomalee populations. The voltage-gated sodium channel gene, the target site gene of pyrethroids, was partially sequenced to screen for mutations previously associated with insecticide resistance. The classic leucine to phenylalanine substitution, TTA to TTT, was detected in An. subpictus. It appears that both kdr type and monooxygenase resistance underlie pyrethroid resistance in these two malaria vectors of Sri Lanka.     

山东省小规模养鸡场沙门氏菌流行病学调查分析

对近年来山东省内鸡沙门氏菌病进行了调查,并对典型的沙门氏菌做了生化鉴定和药物敏感试验。调查表明沙门氏菌病在小规模养殖场的发生呈上升趋势,常与大肠杆菌病、新城疫和鸡球虫病混合感染。对所分离的沙门氏菌株鉴定表明,70%为副伤寒沙门氏菌,也有鸡白痢沙门氏菌的存在。药敏试验结果表明沙门氏菌对传统的防治细菌性药物产生了多重耐药性,这说明细菌耐药性的产生和发展与抗生素长期反复使用和盲目使用有密切的关系。本文为更有效地防控细菌性疫病提供科学依据。     

细菌耐药颉颃剂的研究现状及应用

作者介绍了具有颉颃细菌耐药性作用的物质的研究应用进展情况，包括灭活酶抑制剂、药物渗透促进剂、外输泵抑制剂、细菌生物被膜抑制剂、抗菌药物增强剂、耐药质粒消除剂等。     

不同盐分胁迫对高冰草种子发芽的影响

对高冰草种子在4种盐分NaCl、Na2SO4、Na2CO3、NaHCO3的8个不同浓度(0.2%、0.4%、0.6%、0.8%、1.0%、1.2%、1.4%、1.6%)的胁迫下进行发芽试验,分别观测其发芽情况,胚根和幼苗的生长。结果表明:高冰草种子的发芽率随盐分浓度的增加而降低。其耐盐顺序为Na2SO4>NaCl>NaHCO3>Na2CO3。     

Changes in antioxidative system and membrane damage of lettuce in response to salinity and boron toxicity

Individual and combined effects of salinity and B toxicity on growth, the major antioxidant enzymes (superoxide dismutase, SOD; catalase, CAT; ascorbate peroxidase, APX) activities, ascorbic acid, proline, and H₂O₂ accumulation, and stomatal resistance (SR), malondialdehyde (MDA), membrane permeability (MP) and the concentrations of sodium (Na), chloride (Cl) and boron (B) of lettuce were investigated. Boron toxicity and salinity reduced growth of lettuce plants. Under B toxicity, B concentration of the plants was increased, but in the presence of NaCl, the concentration of B was significantly reduced. Sodium and Cl concentrations were increased in B + NaCl and NaCl treatments. Membrane damage was more pronounced in NaCl and B + NaCl treatments. Stomatal resistance of the plants was significantly increased by salinity treatments. The accumulation of proline and ascorbic acid was the highest in the B + NaCl treatment. In general, stress conditions significantly increased H₂O₂ and antioxidant enzyme (SOD, CAT and APX) activities. The present results indicate that stomatal closure is an important response of lettuce against NaCl and B + NaCl stress. Furthermore NaCl and B + NaCl toxicity-induced oxidative stress in lettuce resulting in lipid peroxidation and membrane damage. Increased antioxidant enzyme activities and also accumulation of ascorbic acid and proline are involved in order to overcome B- and NaCl-induced oxidative stress.     

川东南马尾松外生菌根苗及其抗铝性研究

采自西南地区分离的马尾松林常见的土著菌株松乳菇(Lactarius deliciosus 01,03)、彩色豆马勃(Pisolithus tinctorius 715)和模式种双色蜡蘑(Laccaria bicolor S238N)的基质纯培养物及液体纯培养物,分别按混合(Mix=Ld 01 Ld 03 Pt 715 Lb S238N)及单独接种的方式接种1月龄马尾松(Pinus massoniana)幼苗.菌根苗在不同pH土壤及铝胁迫条件下培育3个月后采样分析其生长和养分吸收特性.结果表明:4种接种方式均能有效形成菌根,显著增加幼苗的生物量,促进幼苗对N、P、K的吸收并显著(P＜0.05)提高抗铝性;混合接种促进马尾松幼苗生长的效果较单独接种好,并且pH=6.1时,幼苗对K的吸收量最大,铝吸收量最少;pH=4.1时,幼苗对N、P的吸收效果最好,但对K的吸收和对铝的抗性最差.     

应用隶属函数法综合评价葡萄种间抗寒性

在冷冻胁迫条件下,测定了葡萄属12个种45个株系枝条的膜透性变化、含水量动态变化及萌芽能力3项指标,并以种内不同株系间3项指标的平均值综合评价了12个种的抗寒性。结果表明,我国葡萄属野生种(东亚种群)山葡萄、燕山葡萄以及美洲种群中的河岸葡萄为高抗类型;蘡薁葡萄、复叶葡萄、毛葡萄为中抗类型;秋葡萄、刺葡萄、瘤枝葡萄为低抗类型;秦岭葡萄、麦黄葡萄和欧洲葡萄为不抗类型。抗寒性指标间相关性分析表明,利用平均隶属度评价葡萄抗寒性最为科学,为鉴定葡萄新种质提供了依据。     

不同覆盖物对玉米抗旱栽培的效果研究

在绵阳旱区的盐亭县,对夏玉米用不同覆盖物进行抗旱试验,结果表明:地膜覆盖使土壤温度和土壤水分提高,秸秆和壳类覆盖使土壤温度降低和土壤水分提高;覆盖物对玉米产量的增加作用是地膜＞小麦秸秆＞水稻秸秆＞玉米秸秆＞小麦壳＞菜子壳.但从经济效益和生态效益分析,小麦秸秆是最好的玉米抗旱覆盖物.