Performance assessment of small irrigation schemes along the Mauritanian banks of the Senegal River

Irrigation plays a fundamental role in world food provision but, to date, it has performed below expectations in Sub-Saharan Africa. The present study assesses and diagnoses the performance of 22 small and medium size community-managed irrigation schemes, mainly devoted to rice production, in different locations along the Mauritanian banks of the Lower Senegal River. The evaluations followed the Rapid Appraisal Process in which semi-structured interviews were held with representatives of the Cooperatives’ Boards in charge of each scheme to obtain information about the organisation of the cooperative, land tenure, irrigation system and organization, cropping pattern and soils. Additionally, for each irrigation scheme, the water-delivery service was characterized by making qualitative and comparative observations during field inspections; the pumping station's performance was diagnosed by a local specialist; the discharge at the head of the system was measured; daily irrigation time was recorded; and crop yields were determined by plot sampling. Then a set of performance indicators was computed. Water delivery capacity referred to irrigated areas was insufficient in a third of the schemes, and this insufficiency was exacerbated by poor maintenance. Irrigation intensity in habilitated areas was rather low being less than 0.66 in 50% of the schemes. The average productivity of land, irrigation water, and fuel (3.38 t ha⁻¹, 0.30 kg m⁻³ and 2.37 kg kWh⁻¹, respectively) were well below potential.     

Over-canopy saline sprinkler irrigation of grapevines during different growth stages

Wetting plant foliage with saline irrigation increases the uptake of toxic ions Na⁺ and Cl⁻. Over three consecutive seasons, Colombard vines grafted on Ramsey rootstock were irrigated with saline water (EC 3.5 dS/m) by over-canopy sprinklers during any one of the first three of the four annual growth stages: bud burst to full bloom (treatment BB-FB), full bloom to veraison (treatment FB-V), and veraison to harvest (treatment V-H). At other times, vines received non-saline water (EC 0.5 dS/m) as did the control. Seasonal average soil salinities remained relatively constant over the trial. In contrast, the concentrations of Na⁺ and Cl⁻ in one-year old wood and grape juice more than doubled. In treatments FB-V and V-H the average yield over the three seasons was reduced by up to 15%. Results were compared with those obtained in an earlier study which was undertaken in the same vineyard with the same treatments applied via dripper. With drippers, the maximum reduction in the average yield over three seasons was 2%. Saline sprinkling caused rises in Na⁺ and Cl⁻ concentrations of fruit, leaf lamina and one-year-old wood that were at least 7-fold, 5-fold and 2-fold greater, respectively, than the rises caused by application of the same treatments with drip. Progressive seasonal rises in the concentrations of Na⁺ and Cl⁻ in these tissues were due in part to carryover of salt added in previous seasons; with saline sprinkling the magnitude of these carryovers was 4-fold greater than those with saline drip irrigation. With saline water, vignerons can reduce losses by using irrigation systems which do not wet the foliage.     

基于无线传感器网络的丘陵果园灌溉控制系统

为解决目前丘陵地区果树灌溉技术中存在的过度灌溉、浪费水资源等问题,以实现丘陵果园节水灌溉,结合无线传感器网络技术,设计开发了一种基于无线传感器网络的丘陵果园灌溉控制系统.系统以ATmega128L单片机为控制核心,由上位机、汇聚节点、无线传感器节点、土壤水分传感器和电磁阀等组成,其中土壤水分传感器和电磁阀连接到无线传感器节点上,汇聚节点与传感器节点之间数据采用无线方式进行传输,汇聚节点通过RS-232串口线与上位机相连.系统能实时监测葡萄土壤含水率的变化,根据土壤含水率来判断葡萄是否缺水,并发出灌溉指令实施对葡萄精确灌溉,系统实现了葡萄园灌溉的自动化控制.通过试验,选定25 cm深度的土壤含水率为灌溉启动监测量,启动灌溉的监测阈值设定为26.8%;选定50 cm深度的土壤含水率为灌溉停止监测量,系统停止灌溉的监测阈值为45.5%.试验表明：系统可以达到精确灌溉要求,结合葡萄的生存阈值可以实现节水灌溉.     

非充分灌溉预报决策支持系统的研究

采用FAO-56 Penman-Monteith公式和双作物系数法计算出作物需水量,根据初始土壤含水率和作物生长发育的长度,通过农田土壤水量平衡原理计算出当前的土壤含水率,依此作为判断灌水与否以及预报灌水日期的依据。当土壤含水率下降到土壤水分下限值时就灌水,计算并输出灌水量,当其未达土壤水分下限值时,则预报需要灌水的日...     

脱毒马铃薯地膜滴灌高产栽培技术研究

脱毒马铃薯是辽南地区种植较多的经济作物。从种薯选择、田地选择、种薯准备、施肥、整地、田间管理、病虫害防治和收获等方面介绍脱毒马铃薯地膜滴灌高产栽培技术的操作要点,指出栽培过程中的注意事项,以期为辽南地区马铃薯高产栽培提供参考。     

达拉特旗井灌条件下农田水利用及地下水动态分析研究

以达拉特旗壕庆河流域为研究对象,通过对该区地下水位和水质的监测及农田水利用状况的调查,摸清地下水的年动态变化规律及水质分布,初步估算该研究区农田灌溉地下水年开采量,从而为本流域的地下水资源评价及合理开发,高效利用提供一定的依据。根据数据分析结果,地下水是从西南流向东北方向,补给黄河南岸引黄灌区。观测期间地下水位年际变化受降雨的影响较大,总体呈上升趋势,变化幅度为0.5～1.5m。pH值超过8.5,呈碱性水,部分区域地下水矿化度为0.5～0.9g/L,可用于农业灌溉,随着地下水流动的方向,水质逐渐变差,下游的盐分浓度最大到2.6g/L,需要合理进行灌溉防止土壤盐碱化。通过遥感图片识别分析计算出该区农田面积为1 398hm2,农业灌溉年开采地下水量为516万m3。     

不同灌水次数对日光温室黄瓜产量和光合特性的影响

在膜下滴灌条件下,研究不同灌水次数对日光温室黄瓜的生长指标、光合特性及产量的影响。结果表明:随着灌水次数的增加,黄瓜株高和茎粗有着先增加后减少的趋势,灌水18次时达到最大值,光合速率随着灌水次数的增加呈增加的趋势,但差异不显著,灌水18次时产量最高,说明黄瓜产量与生长指标、光合速率关系密切,在一定范围内,生长越旺盛,光合速率越高,总产量越高。从产量与生理指标变化趋势来考虑,为实现黄瓜的高产及节水效果,日光温室黄瓜在膜下滴灌条件下,灌水18次时,水分利用效率最佳,产量最好。     

石羊河流域主要作物的需水量及需水规律的研究

试验于2008年在甘肃武威进行,采用水量平衡法在充分灌溉的条件下研究了石羊河流域春小麦、春玉米、制种油葵、色素辣椒、小麦/玉米带田等5种作物的需水量及需水规律,并根据作物生育期需水规律提出了适宜的灌溉制度.试验结果表明,春小麦全生育期需水量为480.5 mm,需水关键期为拔节期和抽穗开花期;春玉米需水量为569.0 m...     

节水灌溉系统变频控制的节能研究与应用

以供水系统的扬程特性、管阻特性为基础，分析了变频调节供水系统与阀门调节供水系统的节能效果并作出比较。提出了变频自动控制在节水灌溉中的应用方案，改变了传统的调整阀门开度及人工启停电机来满足供水需要的操作方法。实践证明，在节水灌溉特别是在塑料大棚滴灌系统中采用变频调节来自动控制供水系统，与阀门调节供水系统相比，可节能20%～69%(大小与控制流量有关)，对延长设备的使用寿命、提高供水流量及供水压力的稳定性、减少人工操作的失误等方面均有积极的意义。     

冬小麦膜缝灌入渗模型试验研究

膜缝灌是一种新的灌水技术,其应用理论基础尚有待进一步研究。在大量的膜缝入渗和垂直一维入渗试验的基础上,分析了膜缝宽度和初始含水率对入渗参数的影响,根据试验分析,提出了包含膜缝宽度和初始含水率影响的入渗模型。这一研究对膜缝灌技术的应用研究将具有重要的价值。