Effect of different drip irrigation methods and fertilization on growth,physiology and water use of young apple tree

A pot experiment was conducted to investigate the effect of three drip irrigation methods (i.e. conventional drip irrigation (CDI), both sides of the root-zone irrigated with full watering, alternate drip irrigation (ADI), both sides of the root-zone irrigated alternatively with half of the full watering, and fixed drip irrigation (FDI), only one side of the root-zone irrigated with half of the full watering) on growth, physiology, root hydraulic conductance and water use of young apple tree under different nitrogen (N) or phosphorus (P) fertilization (i.e. CK (no fertilization), N₁ (0.2 g N/kg), N₂ (0.4 g N/kg), P₁ (0.2 g P₂O₅/kg) and P₂ (0.4 g P₂O₅/kg)). Results show that compared to CDI, ADI and FDI reduced mean root dry mass, daily transpiration, root hydraulic conductance (K_r), leaf photosynthesis rate, transpiration rate and stomatal conductance of young apple tree by 6.9 and 27.7, 29.3 and 45.0, 6.8 and 37.9, 2.5 and 4.8, 32.6 and 33.0, 22.1 and 22.3%, but increased leaf water use efficiency (WUE) by 31.3 and 29.8%, respectively when they saved irrigation water by 50%. Compared to the CK, N or P fertilization significantly increased K_r, and K_r was increased with the increased N or P fertilization level. There were parabolic correlations between K_r and root dry mass, daily transpiration and stomatal conductance. Our results indicate that ADI reduced transpiration rate significantly, but it did not reduce photosynthesis rate and K_r significantly, thus alternate drip irrigation improved WUE and the regulation ability of water balance in plants.     

Origin软件在研究市售滴灌产品水力性能中的应用

滴灌是一种受到广泛关注的低压节水灌溉技术,滴灌产品作为承栽该技术的载体,其质量直接影响了滴灌技术的推广。通常那些制造偏差小、流量均匀度高、抗堵塞性能强、单位成本低的滴灌产品才能得到更广泛的应用。采用最小二乘法,使用origin软件对市售的4种主要滴灌产品压力一流量关系进行拟合计算,结果表明：使用该软件拟合的流量及水利性...     

基于土壤非饱和状态下对水稻田产流模型的改进及验证

水稻灌溉需水量是一个地区农田水利规划、灌溉系统规划的重要参数,也是合理开发利用水资源、水资源调度和实现地区可持续发展的重要依据。在水量平衡的基础上,对蒸散发项和渗漏项的计算方法做出改进,其中对蒸散发项的改进参考了新安江模型中二层蒸散发模型的计算方法,渗漏项的计算在实验的基础上采用半经验半理论的方法改进。最后,结合当地的...     

宁夏引黄灌区退水水质评价研究

针对宁夏引黄灌区退水对地表水体的污染问题,运用灰色聚类法对宁夏灵武试验区西大沟的2个监测断面水质进行了评价.结果表明,灌区退水中氮、磷质量分数超标严重,退水水质受养殖污染、灌水、农业上过量使用化肥等方面的综合影响.应从源头控制入手,通过降低化肥使用量、代替以有机肥和生物肥、调整和优化农村产业结构、发展绿色农业及生态农业...     

Performance assessment of small irrigation schemes along the Mauritanian banks of the Senegal River

Irrigation plays a fundamental role in world food provision but, to date, it has performed below expectations in Sub-Saharan Africa. The present study assesses and diagnoses the performance of 22 small and medium size community-managed irrigation schemes, mainly devoted to rice production, in different locations along the Mauritanian banks of the Lower Senegal River. The evaluations followed the Rapid Appraisal Process in which semi-structured interviews were held with representatives of the Cooperatives’ Boards in charge of each scheme to obtain information about the organisation of the cooperative, land tenure, irrigation system and organization, cropping pattern and soils. Additionally, for each irrigation scheme, the water-delivery service was characterized by making qualitative and comparative observations during field inspections; the pumping station's performance was diagnosed by a local specialist; the discharge at the head of the system was measured; daily irrigation time was recorded; and crop yields were determined by plot sampling. Then a set of performance indicators was computed. Water delivery capacity referred to irrigated areas was insufficient in a third of the schemes, and this insufficiency was exacerbated by poor maintenance. Irrigation intensity in habilitated areas was rather low being less than 0.66 in 50% of the schemes. The average productivity of land, irrigation water, and fuel (3.38 t ha⁻¹, 0.30 kg m⁻³ and 2.37 kg kWh⁻¹, respectively) were well below potential.     

Over-canopy saline sprinkler irrigation of grapevines during different growth stages

Wetting plant foliage with saline irrigation increases the uptake of toxic ions Na⁺ and Cl⁻. Over three consecutive seasons, Colombard vines grafted on Ramsey rootstock were irrigated with saline water (EC 3.5 dS/m) by over-canopy sprinklers during any one of the first three of the four annual growth stages: bud burst to full bloom (treatment BB-FB), full bloom to veraison (treatment FB-V), and veraison to harvest (treatment V-H). At other times, vines received non-saline water (EC 0.5 dS/m) as did the control. Seasonal average soil salinities remained relatively constant over the trial. In contrast, the concentrations of Na⁺ and Cl⁻ in one-year old wood and grape juice more than doubled. In treatments FB-V and V-H the average yield over the three seasons was reduced by up to 15%. Results were compared with those obtained in an earlier study which was undertaken in the same vineyard with the same treatments applied via dripper. With drippers, the maximum reduction in the average yield over three seasons was 2%. Saline sprinkling caused rises in Na⁺ and Cl⁻ concentrations of fruit, leaf lamina and one-year-old wood that were at least 7-fold, 5-fold and 2-fold greater, respectively, than the rises caused by application of the same treatments with drip. Progressive seasonal rises in the concentrations of Na⁺ and Cl⁻ in these tissues were due in part to carryover of salt added in previous seasons; with saline sprinkling the magnitude of these carryovers was 4-fold greater than those with saline drip irrigation. With saline water, vignerons can reduce losses by using irrigation systems which do not wet the foliage.     

基于无线传感器网络的丘陵果园灌溉控制系统

为解决目前丘陵地区果树灌溉技术中存在的过度灌溉、浪费水资源等问题,以实现丘陵果园节水灌溉,结合无线传感器网络技术,设计开发了一种基于无线传感器网络的丘陵果园灌溉控制系统.系统以ATmega128L单片机为控制核心,由上位机、汇聚节点、无线传感器节点、土壤水分传感器和电磁阀等组成,其中土壤水分传感器和电磁阀连接到无线传感器节点上,汇聚节点与传感器节点之间数据采用无线方式进行传输,汇聚节点通过RS-232串口线与上位机相连.系统能实时监测葡萄土壤含水率的变化,根据土壤含水率来判断葡萄是否缺水,并发出灌溉指令实施对葡萄精确灌溉,系统实现了葡萄园灌溉的自动化控制.通过试验,选定25 cm深度的土壤含水率为灌溉启动监测量,启动灌溉的监测阈值设定为26.8%;选定50 cm深度的土壤含水率为灌溉停止监测量,系统停止灌溉的监测阈值为45.5%.试验表明：系统可以达到精确灌溉要求,结合葡萄的生存阈值可以实现节水灌溉.     

非充分灌溉预报决策支持系统的研究

采用FAO-56 Penman-Monteith公式和双作物系数法计算出作物需水量,根据初始土壤含水率和作物生长发育的长度,通过农田土壤水量平衡原理计算出当前的土壤含水率,依此作为判断灌水与否以及预报灌水日期的依据。当土壤含水率下降到土壤水分下限值时就灌水,计算并输出灌水量,当其未达土壤水分下限值时,则预报需要灌水的日...     

脱毒马铃薯地膜滴灌高产栽培技术研究

脱毒马铃薯是辽南地区种植较多的经济作物。从种薯选择、田地选择、种薯准备、施肥、整地、田间管理、病虫害防治和收获等方面介绍脱毒马铃薯地膜滴灌高产栽培技术的操作要点,指出栽培过程中的注意事项,以期为辽南地区马铃薯高产栽培提供参考。     

达拉特旗井灌条件下农田水利用及地下水动态分析研究

以达拉特旗壕庆河流域为研究对象,通过对该区地下水位和水质的监测及农田水利用状况的调查,摸清地下水的年动态变化规律及水质分布,初步估算该研究区农田灌溉地下水年开采量,从而为本流域的地下水资源评价及合理开发,高效利用提供一定的依据。根据数据分析结果,地下水是从西南流向东北方向,补给黄河南岸引黄灌区。观测期间地下水位年际变化受降雨的影响较大,总体呈上升趋势,变化幅度为0.5～1.5m。pH值超过8.5,呈碱性水,部分区域地下水矿化度为0.5～0.9g/L,可用于农业灌溉,随着地下水流动的方向,水质逐渐变差,下游的盐分浓度最大到2.6g/L,需要合理进行灌溉防止土壤盐碱化。通过遥感图片识别分析计算出该区农田面积为1 398hm2,农业灌溉年开采地下水量为516万m3。