唑螨酯在土壤中的降解及淋溶特性

为研究唑螨酯在环境中的行为特性,采用室内模拟试验方法,研究了唑螨酯在土壤中的降解及淋溶特性,通过降解半衰期和比移值Rf来评价其在土壤环境中的安全性。结果表明:唑螨酯在3种土壤中的降解符合一级动力学方程,好气条件下,在黄壤、水稻土和石灰土的降解半衰期分别为81.5、96.3和84.5 d,唑螨酯在水稻土中较难降解,在黄壤和石灰土中中等降解;厌气条件下的半衰期分别为154.0、56.3和43.3 d,水稻土和石灰土中中等降解,黄壤中较难降解。唑螨酯在黄土、水稻土和石灰土中比移值Rf均为0.083,唑螨酯在3种土壤中均不移动,正常条件下不会对地下水造成污染。综上所述,唑螨酯在土壤环境中具有较强的稳定性,因此应严格掌握其使用量和使用时期,同时建议加强对唑螨酯残留的跟踪监测。     

水溶性有机物对海南砖红壤中残留壬基酚吸附-解吸与迁移行为的影响

采用室内标准批量平衡法和土柱淋溶法研究了2种来源DOM对壬基酚在海南砖红壤中吸附-解吸与迁移行为的影响。结果表明:来源于水稻秸秆(ST)和猪粪(PMC)的DOM(ST和PMC)均能明显抑制土壤对壬基酚的吸附,促进壬基酚从土壤中的解吸,增强壬基酚在土壤中的迁移性。浓度为200 mg DOC/L水稻秸秆DOM(ST2)和猪粪堆肥DOM(PMC2)可分别使土壤中壬基酚吸附的Kf值由对照的21.45减少到9.45和8.35,使壬基酚从土壤中的淋出率由对照中的34.36%,增大到58.34%(ST2)和67.24%(PMC2)。可见农业土壤中DOM可以充当壬基酚的迁移载体,促进它在土壤和水环境中的迁移和扩散,也可促进其生物可利用程度和生物修复速度。且来源于猪粪堆肥的DOM较水稻秸秆DOM更容易与壬基酚相互作用,因此对壬基酚环境行为的影响就更显著。     

An innovative stabilization/solidification treatment For contaminated soil remediation: demonstration project results

Background, aim, and scope

An innovative stabilization/solidification (S/S) process using high-performance additivated concrete technology was developed for remediating soil contaminated by metals from abandoned industrial sites. In order to verify the effectiveness of this new ex situ S/S procedure, an area highly contaminated by metallic pollutants (As, Cd, Hg, and Pb), due to the uncontrolled discharge of waste generated from artistic glass production on the island of Murano (Venice, Italy), was selected as a case study. The technique transforms the contaminated soil into an aggregate material suitable for reuse as on-site backfill. This paper reports the main results of the demonstration project performed in collaboration with the local environmental protection agency (ARPAV).

Materials and methods

An ex situ treatment for brownfield remediation, based on the transformation of contaminated soil into very dense, low porous, and mechanically resistant granular material, was set up and tested. Specific additives (water reducers and superplasticizers) to improve the stabilized material properties were developed and patented. A demonstration plant assembled on the study area to treat 6 m³ h^–1was then tested. After excavation, the contaminated soil was screened to remove coarse material. The fraction Ø?>?4 mm (coarse fraction), mainly composed of glass, brick, concrete, and stone debris, was directly reused on site after passing through a washing treatment section. The highly polluted fraction Ø?≤?4 mm (fine fraction) was treated in the S/S treatment division of the plant (European patent WO/2006/097272). The fine fraction was mixed with Portland cement and additives defined on the basis of the high performance concrete technique. the mixture was then granulated in a rolling-plate system. After 28 days curing in an onsite storage area to allow for cement hydration, the stabilized material was monitored before its in situ relocation. The chemical, mechanical, and ecotoxicological reliability and performance of the treatment was checked. Metal leachability was verified according to four leaching test methods: Italian Environmental Ministry Decree (1998), EN 12457 (2002) tout court, amended only with MgSO₄ and, lastly, with artificial sea water. The mechanical properties were measured according to BS (1990) and AASHTO (1999) to obtain the Aggregate Crushing Value and California Bearing Ratio, in that order. Moreover, leachate samples prepared with artificial seawater were assessed via the Crassostrea gigas embryotoxicity test and Vibrio fischeri bioluminescence inhibition test to discriminate the presence of potential ecotoxicological effects for the brackish and saltwater biota.

Results

Outcomes from all leachate samples highlighted the effectiveness of the remediation treatment, fully complying with the Italian legislation for non-hazardous material reuse under a physicochemical viewpoint. The stabilized granular material demonstrated high mechanical strength, low porosity, and leachability. Moreover, ecotoxicological surveys indicated the presence of low toxicity levels in leachate samples according to both toxicity tests.

Discussion

Remediated soil samples revealed a significant decrease in leachability of heavy metals as a consequence of the application of additivated cement that enhanced granular material properties, resulting in improved compactness due to the reduction in water content. The toxicity data confirmed this state-of-the-art technique, indicating that leachates could be deemed as minor acutely toxic.

Conclusions

The proposed S/S treatment proved to be able to remediate soil contaminated by heavy metals through trapping pollutants in pellet materials presenting adequate physicochemical, mechanical, and ecotoxicological properties in order to prevent leachability phenomena, their reclamation, and reuse being made easier by its granular form.

Recommendation and perspectives

This project foresees long-term monitoring activity over several years (until 2014) to consider treatment durability.     

抚仙湖流域砾质土有机及常规肥料淋溶模拟研究

利用不同高度土柱进行模拟淋溶试验.比较研究了抚仙湖流域砾质土壤有机及常规肥料N、P流失规律及水体污染风险.试验结果表明:随着灌溉次数的增加,有机肥料淋洗液中 TDN (可溶性总N)浓度先升后降,而常规肥料则持续下降;除20 cm高度土柱常规肥料TDP(可溶性总 P )浓度快速下降外,其余各淋洗液中TDP浓度变化幅度很小.有机及常规肥料土壤N、P淋溶均以NO3--N和P04-P形态为主.不同高度土柱TDN、TDP的淋失总量平均值,常规肥料分别为有机肥料的1 57%、52%,可见常规肥料N素淋溶风险大于有机肥料,而P素淋溶风险则相反.     

盐地碱蓬生长对滨海重盐碱地的改土效应

盐地碱蓬是滨海盐碱地生态系统群落演替中的先锋物种,也是植被建设的重要植物。为探究盐地碱蓬对滨海盐碱地的改土效应以及作用机制,通过滨海平原盐碱地原生盐地碱蓬群落土壤调查,结合室内土柱种植试验,研究了盐地碱蓬生长对滨海盐土土壤结构、土壤水分入渗特征及土壤盐分分布的影响,比较了盐地碱蓬通过植株吸收盐分和通过改善土壤结构促进盐分淋洗对滨海盐碱地降盐、改土的效果。结果表明:1)盐地碱蓬生长对滨海盐土土壤结构有明显的改善效果,野外生长盐地碱蓬的0～20cm土层土壤容重显著低于裸地,而土壤孔隙度显著高于裸地地块;室内土柱种植盐地碱蓬降低了各层土壤容重,平均降低6.16%;增加了各层土壤孔隙度,增加1.59%～5.15%。2)盐地碱蓬生长显著提升了滨海盐土土壤水分入渗性能。野外入渗试验结果显示,相同入渗时间内,生长盐地碱蓬的土壤累积入渗量、初始入渗率及稳定入渗率分别是裸地的3.6倍、2.5倍和3.0倍。室内土柱模拟试验结果显示,盐地碱蓬处理土壤的初始入渗率为0.08mm·min?1,是裸地处理的2.6倍;稳定入渗率为0.03mm·min?1,是裸地处理的3.0倍。3)盐地碱蓬的生长明显降低了土壤含盐量,盐地碱蓬收获后,野外调查试验和室内土柱试验中裸地处理0～40cm土层土壤含盐量分别降低2.67%和12.98%,而盐地碱蓬处理分别降低12.08%和49.28%。野外调查和室内土柱试验中,盐地碱蓬植株移走的盐量分别占总脱盐量的5.60%和2.26%,淋洗脱盐量分别占总脱盐量的94.40%和97.74%。以上结果表明,滨海重盐碱地种植盐地碱蓬具有明显的降低土壤含盐量的作用,这种作用除植株吸收带走部分盐分外,更重要的是通过盐地碱蓬的生长改善了土壤结构、加速了土壤水分入渗、促进了土壤盐分的淋洗。     

草坪根系层基质和氮肥类型对氮淋失的影响

为更好地了解高尔夫球场草坪施用氮肥对水环境的影响,在温室里模拟高尔夫果岭用PVC管建造4种基质类型的小型蒸渗仪播种建植匍匐翦股颖(Agrostis stolonifera L. cv. Penncross),出苗后施用Hoagland和Arnon营养液培育至成坪,成坪后选用速效氮尿素和控释肥丁异叉双缩脲进行氮肥类型处理,每两周施1.8 g·m^-2N。结果表明:4种基质类型的草坪幼坪期都存在污染地下水的可能性,但随草坪的成熟而降低,其中改良沙基质的草坪可能性最小;速效氮肥处理的草坪氮的淋失显著高于缓释氮肥处理。综合比较,高尔夫果岭根系层采用改良沙基质、少量多次地施用缓释肥可以有效控制氮的淋失。     

脱硫石膏淋洗次数对铵态氮迁移特征的影响

基于室内土柱穿透试验,设置4组试验处理:3组施加脱硫石膏,不同次数淋洗处理;1组无脱硫石膏无淋洗对照处理。通过分析NH+4、Ca2+、Na+3种离子相互关系及土壤水力传导度的变化情况,研究脱硫石膏及不同淋洗次数对碱土养分离子铵态氮迁移转化的影响。结果表明:碱土混合脱硫石膏后未经淋洗的情况下会抑制碱土对NH+4的吸附效果,但随着穿透前被淋洗次数的增加,NH+4在盐碱土中穿透曲线的斜率减小,吸附作用增强。从节水控盐、促进土壤肥力吸收、抑制土壤次生盐碱化的因素来看,根据试验结果推测铵肥不适合与脱硫石膏同时施加到碱土土壤中。建议在施肥前,拌施脱硫石膏的碱土宜采用秋浇与春灌相结合的方式,每次淋洗662.7 m3/hm2水量,这种淋洗方式在保证改良效果,促进肥料吸收的基础上,还可以适当减少秋浇灌水量,合理分配灌区有限的淡水资源。     

模拟雨水连续淋洗下土壤化学性状动态变化特征的研究

本文从研究正常降雨对土壤性状的影响出发,进行了模拟雨水对酸性紫色土和石灰性紫色土的连续淋洗试验。试验结果表明在模拟雨水连续淋洗150天的过程中,土壤中钙、镁、钾、钠等盐基离子几乎都显示出一定程度的净淋溶特征,土壤中各盐基离子的动力学变化特征几乎都与抛物线扩散方程吻合。淋洗结束后土壤酸度未发生显著变化,但两种土壤CEC值均有所降低。     

聚丙烯酰胺施用对碱土和非碱土水力传导度的影响

聚丙烯酰胺（PAM）可增加土壤结构的稳定性，但它对土壤水力传导能力的影响尚不清楚。通过室内土柱淋洗试验，研究了PAM施用量和施用方式对不同碱度土壤饱和水力传导度的影响。PAM施用量为0、1／5000、1／2000和1／1000（PAM与于土重之比），施用方式为混合施用和表面覆盖施用，土壤为碱土和非碱土两种。试验结果显示，在未施用PAM的条件下，非碱土水力传导度大于碱土。PAM混合施用显著地减小了土壤的稳定水力传导度，但它对碱土的影响程度大于对非碱土的影响。PAM覆盖施用降低了非碱土的稳定水力传导度；但碱土的稳定水力传导度随PAM施用量的增加先减小后增大。为了维持良好的土壤水力传导性能，应尽可能地减小PAM的施用量，或在非碱土地上采用混合施用而在碱土地上采用地表覆盖的施用方式。     

丙硫克百威在几种土壤中的迁移和降解研究

对丙硫克百威在湖南几种土壤中的迁移和降解进行了研究。结果表明 :丙硫克百威在土壤中能被雨水淋溶迁移 ,在 2 0cm耕作土层中 ,丙硫克百威及其降解产物克百威要分布在 0～ 1 4cm范围内 ,丙硫克百威的使用 ,对地下水污染的可能性比较小。丙硫克百威在第四纪红土红壤、河潮土、河潮泥中半衰期分别为 6.3d、7.3d、8.8d。在施药 3 0d内 ,丙硫克百威在土壤中降解很快 ,化学降解作用要大于生物降解作用 ,其中部分降解产物为克百威、3 -羟基克百威 ,其中 3 -羟基克百威在丙硫克百威降解过程中产生甚微。克百威的继续降解随时间无明显的规律。