不同中药浸出液对稻谷增产的影响研究（英文）

[目的]研究不同中药浸出液对稻谷增产的影响。[方法]选取不同地区的3种稻谷亲本,用相应的处理液对其进行处理,分别在其幼苗期,分蘖期向植株叶面喷洒相应的稻谷种子浸泡液,并记录试验数据,通过对不同地区、不同品种、不同组别的农艺性状数值进行横向研究和纵向研究。[结果]横向试验后发现使用纯中药浸出液处理过的杂交稻亲本产量大幅度增加。同步进行的纵向研究表明未用中药浸出液处理的一组稻谷产量急剧锐减。另一组用中药浸出液处理过的稻谷产量、稻穗质量明显提高,其子代的产量、稻穗质量也大幅度的提高。[结论]该试验为杂交稻能够实现＂留种＂提供了有效的参考依据。     

Nitrogen losses from two grassland soils with different fungal biomass

Nitrogen losses from agricultural grasslands cause eutrophication of ground- and surface water and contribute to global warming and atmospheric pollution. It is widely assumed that soils with a higher fungal biomass have lower N losses, but this relationship has never been experimentally confirmed. With the increased interest in soil-based ecosystem services and sustainable management of soils, such a relationship would be relevant for agricultural management. Here we present a first attempt to test this relationship experimentally. We used intact soil columns from two plots from a field experiment that had consistent differences in fungal biomass (68 ± 8 vs. 111 ± 9 μg C g⁻¹) as a result of different fertilizer history (80 vs. 40 kg N ha⁻¹ y⁻¹ as farm yard manure), while other soil properties were very similar. We performed two greenhouse experiments: in the main experiment the columns received either mineral fertilizer N or no N (control). We measured N leaching, N₂O emission and denitrification from the columns during 4 weeks, after which we analyzed fungal and bacterial biomass and soil N pools. In the additional ¹⁵N experiment we traced added N in leachates, soil, plants and microbial biomass. We found that in the main experiment, N₂O emission and denitrification were lower in the high fungal biomass soil, irrespective of the addition of fertilizer N. Higher ¹⁵N recovery in the high fungal biomass soil also indicated lower N losses through dentrification. In the main experiment, N leaching after fertilizer addition showed a 3-fold increase compared to the control in low fungal biomass soil (11.9 ± 1.0 and 3.9 ± 1.0 kg N ha⁻¹, respectively), but did not increase in high fungal biomass soil (6.4 ± 0.9 after N addition vs. 4.5 ± 0.8 kg N ha⁻¹ in the control). Thus, in the high fungal biomass soil more N was immobilized. However, the ¹⁵N experiment did not confirm these results; N leaching was higher in high fungal biomass soil, even though this soil showed higher immobilization of ¹⁵N into microbial biomass. However, only 3% of total ¹⁵N was found in the microbial biomass 2 weeks after the mineral fertilization. Most of the recovered ¹⁵N was found in plants (approximately 25%) and soil organic matter (approximately 15%), and these amounts did not differ between the high and the low fungal biomass soil. Our main experiment confirmed the assumption of lower N losses in a soil with higher fungal biomass. The additional ¹⁵N experiment showed that higher fungal biomass is probably not the direct cause of higher N retention, but rather the result of low nitrogen availability. Both experiments confirmed that higher fungal biomass can be considered as an indicator of higher nitrogen retention in soils.     

基于HYDRUS模型的江苏如东盐渍土一维淋滤渗流试验研究

通过自行设计一维圆柱型淋滤渗流柱,采用原位回填装填盐碱土样,在人为设定降雨条件下,通过盐分传感器监测获取土壤水盐运移、渗滤液离子成分的监测数据.HYDRUS软件模拟水盐运移,含水量和盐分浓度的模拟结果表明模型可信度高,弥散度改变对土壤最终含盐量变化没有明显影响,但对在土壤干湿交替条件下不同阶段排盐量的比例分配有明显作用;当等温吸附系数整体降低时,土壤中盐浓度到达峰值所需时间减少,土壤排盐量增加.等温吸附系数较小的,对降雨量和降雨频率响应更明显,排盐效果更好.     

农田面源污染监测技术与方法(英文)

农田养分流失已经成为农业面源污染和水体氮、磷富营养化的主要原因之一,农田面源污染监测技术与方法在农业面源污染控制中十分重要。本文综述了农田面源污染的各种监测技术,包括径流产生污染物监测、淋溶产生污染物监测和在线监测。农田径流污染物的主要监测方法主要有人工模拟降雨产流法、流量计法、堰测法和容积法;农田淋溶污染物主要监测方法有淋溶盘法、淋溶集水槽法、渗漏池法、抽滤管法和模拟土柱法;农田养分流失在线监测虽然尚存在一定的技术瓶颈和经济局限性,是今后的主要发展方向。     

利用原状土柱系统研究设施栽培下硝态氮淋失状况

选取山东省典型设施栽培区寿光大棚蔬菜为研究对象,采用原状土柱系统研究了农户常规栽培措施下硝态氮的淋失状况。研究发现,黄瓜和苦瓜生育期内硝态氮的淋失浓度范围为40.7～74.7 mg/L,试验期间硝态氮淋失浓度平均为53.4 mg/L,所有样品中的硝态氮含量均超过国家规定的饮用水标准和地下水源硝态氮控制标准;冬季硝态氮淋失浓度高于其它季节。硝态氮淋失量为276.24 kg/hm2,除第一次移栽灌溉外,硝态氮淋失量最高出现在2011年3月份。     

日光温室土壤磷素积累、淋移和形态组成变化研究

为了解日光温室土壤磷素积累、淋移状况和形态组成变化规律,测定了日光温室土壤P素含量和形态组成.结果表明,日光温室土壤P素积累严重、淋移强烈,5、10和14 a日光温室表层土壤速效P含量均超过200 mg/kg,0～100 cm 土层土壤速效P积累总量分别是温室外粮田的6.2、13.2和18.0倍,高龄温室底层土壤Olsen-P和水溶P含量高于温室外粮田表层含量.日光温室土壤磷素形态组成和比例与粮田土壤比较发生明显改变,土壤中不同形态无机P的含量由粮田土壤的Ca_(10)-P＞Ca_8-P＞Al-P＞Fe-P＞O-P＞Ca_2-P变化为温室土壤Ca_8-P＞Ca_(10)-P＞Al-P＞Ca_2-P＞Fe-P＞O-P.     

云南哀牢山中山湿性常绿阔叶林的降水化学

为了分析大气降水的化学物质输入及其降水淋溶对云南哀牢山森林生态系统生物物质循环产生的影响。通过观测大气降雨过程中大气降水、穿透雨及树干茎流在１９９１年５月￣１９９３年４月间的变化并测定其相应的水质特征。发现①大气降雨和穿透雨是养分输入的主要形式。其中以穿透雨养输入为主。树干茎流养分输入很小，可忽略不计。Ｎ、Ｐ、Ｋ、Ｃａ、Ｍｇ养分元素的输入量是穿透雨：６．０９９，０．４２３，５．９１５，１．７８９和     

城市樟子松人工林降雨分配过程中养分变化特征

为了探究城市森林生态系统中伴随降雨分配过程的养分循环变化及养分平衡特征,采用定位研究的方法,于2015年5—9月份对东北林业大学城市林业示范研究基地樟子松人工林内穿透雨、树干径流以及林外大气降雨进行了观测和取样,测定了水样中NO₃^-、PO₄^3-、SO₄^2-、Cl^-、F^-、K、Ca和Mg的浓度,分析了伴随降雨分配过程中各养分质量浓度的变化特征和输入规律。结果表明:生长季内,NO₃^-、PO₄^3-、SO₄^2-、Cl^-、F^-、K、Ca和Mg在大气降雨中的输入量分别为11.508、1.654、13.625、6.122、2.219、7.778、17.853、1.005 kg·hm^-2;穿透雨的输入量为14.038、0.890、10.677、3.058、1.908、4.299、9.463、0.862 kg·hm^-2;树干径流输入量则为3.448、0.192、2.103、1.004、0.298、2.298、5.194、0.668 kg·hm^-2。大气降雨、穿透雨和树干径流的养分输入均以NO₃^-、SO₄^2-和Ca为主,且3种养分输入量之和均占8种养分总输入量的69%以上。生长季内,8种养分的净淋溶总量为-1.365 kg·hm^-2,而其中仅NO₃^-和Mg的净淋溶量为正值。在降雨分配过程中,樟子松人工林的冠层能够少量过滤掉大气降雨中的PO₄^3-、SO₄^2-、Cl^-、F^-、K和Ca。     

竹炭包膜尿素的氮素释放规律和生物利用效果研究

[目的]对竹炭包膜尿素的氮素释放规律和生物利用效果进行研究,寻找高效、廉价、生产工艺简单的包膜氮肥。[方法]以竹炭和高分子聚合物为包膜材料,制得2种不同包膜厚度的竹炭包膜尿素(BCCU);通过玉米的土壤淋溶试验、土壤氨挥发试验和盆栽试验研究自制竹炭包膜尿素的氮素释放规律和生物利用效果。[结果]竹炭包膜尿素具有一定的缓释性能,其氮素的29d累积淋出率比普通尿素低9.93%～16.27%;施用竹炭包膜尿素的氨挥发量显著低于普通尿素,降幅为16.66%～31.8%;施用竹炭包膜尿素的玉米生物量和氮素利用率分别提高12.8%～24.1%和10.50%～16.99%。[结论]竹炭对尿素中氮素不仅具有一定的缓释性能,还具有一定的吸附能力,能减少氮素的淋失和挥发,减轻对环境的污染。     

瞬时降压在茶叶加工中的应用

采用电子显微镜,运用计算机图形学理论与方法描述了茶叶瞬时降压工艺和传统加工工艺以及新鲜叶片的组织结构特征,比较了它们的细胞破碎率,为瞬时降压叶拥有较高的内含物浸出率的以及较短的浸出时间提供理论依据,同时也为该技术的知识产权保护提供鉴别方法。