灌溉水质对土壤水盐动态的影响

本文研究了灌溉水质对土壤水盐动态和牧草生长的影响。灌溉水含盐量分别为１００、１５００和３０００ｍｇ／Ｌ，设有６个试验处理。在高含盐水灌溉期间，盐分在土壤剖面中累积，低含盐水灌溉和冬季降雨期间部分土壤盐分被淋洗。由于盐分累积与淋洗反复进行，以及弱透水层的存在，可溶盐在６０－９０ｃｍ土层明显增加，土壤溶液钠吸附比（ＳＡＲ）随灌溉水含盐量增加而增高，牧草茎叶中的盐分亦随之而变化。当灌溉水含盐量达到１５０     

不同水稻种植模式对氮磷流失特征的影响

过量施用化肥造成的氮、磷流失已成为农业面源污染的主要污染源。为探究不同种植模式对氮、磷流失的影响,采用大田试验,研究比较了常规种植、绿色蛙稻和有机蛙稻3种水稻种植模式下稻田生态系统的田面水氮、磷浓度特征规律,以及径流、渗漏的氮、磷流失特征和产量差异。结果表明,3种水稻种植模式中,田面水总氮(TN)平均浓度为:常规种植绿色蛙稻有机蛙稻,分别为18.87 mg-L-1、8.98 mg-L-1和8.20 mg-L-1。与常规种植模式相比,绿色蛙稻模式和有机蛙稻模式在整个水稻季中的TN总流失负荷分别减少15.27%和25.76%。径流流失负荷为:绿色蛙稻常规种植有机蛙稻,氮的主要形态为铵态氮(NH4+-N);渗漏流失负荷为:常规种植绿色蛙稻有机蛙稻,氮的形态以硝态氮(NO3--N)为主。田面水总磷(TP)平均浓度为:有机蛙稻绿色蛙稻常规种植,分别为0.82 mg-L-1、0.64 mg-L-1和0.37mg-L-1。总磷(TP)总流失负荷为:有机蛙稻绿色蛙稻常规种植,总流失负荷占施磷量的比例为:绿色蛙稻常规种植有机蛙稻,并且以溶解性磷(DP)为主。3种模式下水稻产量为:常规种植有机蛙稻绿色蛙稻,与常规种植模式相比,绿色蛙稻模式和有机蛙稻模式分别减产19.33%和8.51%。研究结果表明,有机蛙稻和绿色蛙稻模式能够有效地控制水稻田中氮、磷流失,但会造成水稻减产。由于有机蛙稻模式要求种、养条件更高,因此有机蛙稻模式下的产品往往品质最好,经济效益最高。     

Carbohydrate and amino acid composition of dissolved organic matter leached from soil

Low molecular weight organic substances (LMWOS) in soil and soil solution include mainly amino acids, carboxylic acids, and carbohydrates. Due to their high bioavailability they play a crucial role in the cycles of C and nutrients in soils. The variety of soil processes that involve LMWOS requires identifying their composition to elucidate reactions and transformations. In most studies, LMWOS are extracted under artificial conditions, e.g. batch experiments, which may overestimate the actual concentrations. This study measures the composition of carbohydrates and amino acids in solution of a Haplic Luvisol leached in a column experiment. A combined system for simultaneous leaching and blowout of CO₂ was used to estimate LMWOS decomposition. ¹⁴C-labeled glucose was added as a highly sensitive tracer to control the efficiency of the LMWOS extraction by leaching and to estimate LMWOS decomposition during leaching. High performance liquid chromatography (HPLC), optimized for soil extracts, was used to analyze LMWOS composition. For HPLC optimization, different preparations of leached solutions (filtration vs. centrifugation, and drying vs. no-drying) were compared. For sugar determination, drying had no influence on the solution concentrations. In contrast, amino acid concentrations significantly decreased by drying LMWOS eluted substances. Combining the HPLC identification of eluted substances with ¹⁴C tracer application revealed that about 5% of the glucose could be leached unchanged within 786 min (13.1 h), whereas about 84% remained in the soil, 9% were decomposed to CO₂, and 2% were transformed to other LMWOS and recovered in the soil solution. The total amino acid concentration (TAC) in soil solution was about 8.2 μmol l⁻¹, dominated by alanine (14.4% of TAC), glycine (13.4%), glutamic acid (9.9%), serine (9.4%), and leucine (9.3%). The total carbohydrate concentration was about 2.4 μM, dominated by glucose (29.9%), glucuronic acid (26.8%), and galacturonic acid (17.3%). Ratios of hexoses to pentoses, amino sugars glucosamine to galactosamine, and neutral sugars to uronic acids were determined. All three parameters pointed to the dominant influence of plants as the source of LMWOS in the leached soil solution. Within the small contribution of microorganisms, bacteria dominated over fungi. These used biomarker ratios as well as LMWOS concentrations differed widely from the ones obtained with conventional batch extraction. More research is necessary to evaluate the application of these biomarkers to soil solutions.     

Within-field variability of mineral nitrogen in grassland

 The within-field variability of soil mineral nitrogen (N_min) in a grazed grassland of 8000 m² was examined. NO₃ ^–-N concentrations were characterized by a high spatial variability. This can be explained by the uneven deposition of animal excreta. All NH₄ ⁺-N as well as NO₃ ^–-N values were lognormally distributed, before and after the grazing season. At the end of the grazing season the largest part of the variability of NO₃ ^–-N was found for NO₃ ^–-N concentrations measured within a distance of a few metres. A high variability for NO₃ ^–-N over very short distances was also indicated by a large nugget variance. During the grazing season, observed mean N_min values increased from 22 to 132 kg N ha^–1. Regions with clearly higher NO₃ ^–-N concentrations could be identified. These zones matched with the drinking place and the entrance of the pasture, places which were more frequently visited than others. High residual N levels in autumn led to relatively high losses of N, mostly by leaching, during the subsequent drainage period. Knowing the variability of N_min, the number of samples needed to estimate the average N_min in a field could be calculated for different probabilities and various degrees of precision. From the spatial distribution of the N_min concentrations and the restrictions imposed by the new European decree, adapted fertilizer strategies can be proposed at least for places where systematically higher N_min concentrations can be expected. Received: 14 December 1999     

砂质土壤磷素的组成特点与释放规律研究

砂质土壤磷素主要以可提取态形式积累,有很高的释放潜力。该类土壤磷素的释放受土壤pH、土水作用时间和土壤溶液化学组成等的影响。土壤酸化、土壤溶液中Na+浓度的提高及土壤与水的作用时间增加可促进土壤磷素的释放。用淋洗方法和平衡提取等2种方法对土壤磷素的释放评价表明,淋洗方法测得的P量较小,可代表土壤短期内P释放强度;而平衡提取法提取的P数量较大,可代表土壤P长期释放的容量。     

田间施肥引起浅层土中氮的蓄积试验分析

田间施肥后,未挥发和被作物吸收的剩余N素易淋失运移,引起在浅层包气带土壤中的蓄积,且又易再释放进入下层土或地下水中形成污染,并主要受气候、土质结构、微生物作用等的影响。认识和掌握上述规律现象,将有助于研究农田施肥引起地下水污染的治理方法。对田间超量施肥灌溉后,作历时近1年的浅层包气带土壤中N的蓄积试验研究,结果显示:短期内土壤中N的显著蓄积主要发生在土层1.5m以浅部位,随时间、深度及入渗水量的变化而波动。这为探索根治由此引起的地下水污染,提供了较好的应用基础和科学依据。     

几种低分子量有机酸淋溶对土壤铝、硅及盐基离子淋失的影响

采用50cm原状土柱进行模拟淋溶实验,比较研究了模拟酸雨和几种低分子量有机酸对红壤Al、Si及盐基离子淋失的影响。结果表明,模拟酸雨淋洗后土壤中有极少量的Al和一定量的Si及盐基离子淋出。与去离子水对照相比,pH3.5和pH4.5模拟酸雨处理Si的淋出总量分别增加了6.52%和3.26%;K 、Na 、Ca2 和Mg2 等盐基离子淋出量增加了2.41%~96.80%。100μmol/L的柠檬酸、苹果酸和草酸处理Al、Si的淋出量与模拟酸雨处理相差不大,而10mmol/L的柠檬酸、苹果酸和草酸处理则比模拟酸雨处理有显著的增加。有机酸淋洗后淋出液中各盐基离子含量均要高于模拟酸雨处理,盐基离子淋出总量是模拟酸雨处理的1.58~9.27倍。实验结果说明低分子量有机酸在酸化土壤方面比酸雨有更大的威胁。由于盐基离子的大量淋失,模拟酸雨和有机酸淋洗后淋出液pH均要高于原淋洗液pH。     

Tillage effects on soil strength and solute transport

To study the effect of different soil tillage practices and the consequences of soil deformation on the functioning of the pore system, we performed unsaturated leaching experiments (by applying a suction of −10 kPa) on undisturbed soil columns from the Ap-horizon of a luvisol derived from glacial till (agricultural site at Hohenschulen, North Germany). We compared two different tillage practices (conventionally tilled to 30 cm depth, and conservational chiselled to a depth of 8 cm-Horsch system) with respect to soil strength, pore connectivity and their effect on the fate of surface-applied fertilisers. The soil strength was measured by determining the precompression stress value (PCV). The conventionally tilled topsoil had a PCV of 21 kPa at a pore water potential of −6 kPa, while the conservation treatment resulted in a slightly higher PCV of 28 kPa, suggesting a slowly increasing soil strength induced by the formation of aggregates under reduced tillage practice.

The leaching experiments were modelled using the convection dispersion equation (CDE) and a modified version of the mobile–immobile approach (MIM), which included three water fractions: mobile, immobile and totally immobile water. From the CDE mobile water fractions (θ_m) ranging from 47 to 67% were found, and θ_m was slightly higher in the ploughed seedbed compared to the conservation-tilled one. This could be due to higher aggregation in the latter one. Dispersivities were relatively large, ranging from 44 to 360 mm, but no difference was found for the treatments. The MIM could simulate the drop in concentration when leaching was interrupted, but overall did not improve the simulation, despite the larger number of fitting parameters.

Compacting the soil with loads of 70 kPa prior to the leaching experiment did not affect solute transport in the conservational tilled soil. In the conventional-tilled soil, however, the dispersivity decreased and the mobile water content increased compared to the non-compacted soil, suggesting that the former one is less prone to deformation by mechanical loads.     

太湖地区水耕人为土中漂白层的成因探讨

采集太湖地区4个具有漂白层的水耕人为土剖面(E-A1、E-A2、E-A3、E-A4)及1个发育于相同母质上的一般水耕人为土剖面作为参照(Ref),描述了土壤剖面的形态特征,分析了土壤颗粒组成、黏粒矿物组成、铁氧化物以及大量和微量元素等,并探讨了漂白层成因。5个剖面土壤颗粒组成以粉粒为主,在60%~75%之间,且剖面中各层次变异系数较小,小于10%;大量元素和微量元素在剖面各层次间变异系数也小于10%,指示漂白层与上覆和下伏土层发育在相似物质来源的土壤母质上;而E-A1剖面漂白层中较高的粉粒含量(75.04%)、较大的中细粉粒和中细粉粒/粗粉粒比值的变异系数(38.05%、61.85%)表明该剖面母质具有不均一性。说明E-A2、E-A3、E-A4、Ref剖面土壤性质的变化主要是由于成土作用形成的,而E-A1剖面土壤的性质变化除受成土作用影响外,还受沉积环境的影响。E-A2、E-A3、E-A4剖面的漂白层中蒙脱石和蛭石、粉粒和粗粉粒、SiO2、CaO、Zr等含量高于上下土层,而水云母和绿泥石、游离铁、Al2O3、Rb、Li、Ba、稀土元素(Rare earth element,REE)等则相反;同时,参照剖面亦有与E-A2、E-A3、E-A4剖面类似的特点,只是漂白作用出现在耕作层,不能定义为漂白层;而E-A1剖面的部分性质则显示出空间上的不一致性,其粉粒含量并非漂白层最高,而是随剖面土层深度向下越来越大。这些变异表明,太湖地区水耕人为土漂白层的形成,可以由黄土性泻湖相沉积物经过水耕过程中水分的周期性淹水和排干,通过机械淋洗和活性铁的淋溶而形成(剖面E-A2、E-A3、E-A4),也可以是母质沉积的过程中受湖水水面升降,导致机械淋溶,然后水耕过程叠加活性铁的淋溶而形成(剖面E-A1)。     

吉林省中部不同亚类、不同母质黑土中硼、钼的分异变化规律

本文通过野外调查采样分析研究了吉林中部不同亚类黑土中硼、钼的含量及垂直分布规律,分析了成土母质、成土过程、成土环境对各微量元素含量及分布的影响。结果表明:红土母质中全钼及有效钼含量均高于黄土母质,而黄土母质中全硼含量较高。全硼在草甸黑土中表现出很强的生物富集特征,其余各剖面表现出较明显的淋溶特征;有效硼表现出生物累积并且从上到下逐渐减小,与有机质之间呈显著正相关。全钼在草甸黑土、德惠典型黑土中有淋溶作用较弱的特点,在长春地区典型黑土中为表层富集,淋溶作用较强的特点;有效钼与全钼变化规律一致,白浆化黑土中有效钼的表层富集和淋溶程度最强。