市售氯硝柳胺在斑点叉尾组织中的残留消除规律研究

为了研究氯硝柳胺在斑点叉尾(Ictalurus punctalus)组织中的残留消除规律,在静水条件下经安全性试验确定安全浓度后,直接对水族箱泼洒25%氯硝柳胺乙醇胺盐(NES)粉剂后采集斑点叉尾皮肤、肌肉和水样。采用高效液相色谱-质谱联用法(HPLC-ESI/MS/MS)测定样品中氯硝柳胺的浓度,结果表明,静水条件下25%氯硝柳胺乙醇胺对斑点叉尾的安全浓度为0.113 mg/kg;养殖水环境中氯硝柳胺能快速消解,实验第2天即低于1μg/L,并呈无规律性持续较长时间;用药24 h内,氯硝柳胺在鱼体肌肉和鱼皮中具有较强的蓄积能力,但48 h后,其在鱼皮和肌肉中呈现快速消除至较低浓度,但后期消除缓慢,并会持续一定时间;氯硝柳胺(NIC)在斑点叉尾肌肉和鱼皮中的消除半衰期T1/2分别为10.66和9.24 d,显著大于在水体中的消除半衷期。     

养殖水体中高效氨氮降解菌的分离与鉴定

以(NH4)2SO4为惟一氮源的选择性培养基,从养鱼池水中分离筛选到1株高效氨氮降解菌X2。当NH4 -N初始质量浓度为50 mg/L时,该菌株在24 h内的氨氮降解率>95%,并具有硝酸还原和亚硝酸还原能力。初步鉴定该菌株为巨大芽孢杆菌(Bacillus megaterium)。     

Degradation and effect of hydrogen peroxide in small‐scale recirculation aquaculture system biofilters

From an environmental point of view, hydrogen peroxide (HP) has beneficial attributes compared with other disinfectants in terms of its ready degradation and neutral by‐products. The rapid degradation of HP can, however, cause difficulties with regard to safe and efficient water treatment when applied in different systems. In this study, we investigated the degradation kinetics of HP in biofilters from water recirculating aquaculture systems (RAS). The potential effect of HP on the nitrification process in the biofilters was also examined. Biofilter elements from two different pilot‐scale RAS were exposed to various HP treatments in batch experiments, and the HP concentration was found to follow an exponential decay. The biofilter ammonia and nitrite oxidation processes showed quick recuperation after exposure to a single dose of HP up to 30 mg L^?1. An average HP concentration of 10–13 mg L^?1 maintained over 3 h had a moderate inhibitory effect on the biofilter elements from one of the RAS with relatively high organic loading, while the nitrification was severely inhibited in the pilot‐scale biofilters from the other RAS with a relatively low organic loading. A pilot‐scale RAS, equipped with two biofilter units, both a moving‐bed (Biomedia) and a fixed‐bed (BIO‐BLOK^®) biofilter, was subjected to an average HP concentration of ～12 mg L^?1 for 3 h. The ammonium‐ and nitrite‐degrading efficiencies of both the Biomedia and the BIO‐BLOK^® filters were drastically reduced. The filters had not reverted to pre‐HP exposure efficiency after 24 h, suggesting a possible long‐term impact on the biofilters.     

滇池水环境退化与区域内物种多样性的丧失

本文论述了滇池草海的物种多样性指数由20世纪50年代的2.70(ShannonˉW iener Index)降到90年代的0.29;滇池外海在20世纪50年代末,湖水面积90%以上为海菜花群落、马来眼子菜群落等,70年代仅占20%弱,20世纪90年代末的水生植物覆盖率不及3%;分析了藻类的种群优势度向着蓝藻种群优势度不断增加的方向发展,浮游动物的多样性增加,大型底栖无脊椎动物物种结构趋向单一化,鱼类多样性指数由1957年的1.81降为1997年的0.11,滇池的物种多样性指数由20世纪60年代的1.08降到90年代的0.67,认为滇池水环境退化与物种多样性丧失呈双向恶化效应,物种多样性重建是滇池生态恢复的重要指标。     

Logging pattern and landscape changes over the last century at the boreal and deciduous forest transition in Eastern Canada

Forestry practices associated with the industrial era (since ~1900) have altered the natural disturbance regimes and greatly impacted the world’s forests. We quantified twentieth century logging patterns and regional scale consequences in three sub-boreal forest landscapes of Eastern Canada (117,000, 49,400 and 92,300 ha), comparing forestry maps depicting age and forest cover types for early industrial (1930) and present-day (2000) conditions. Results were similar for the three landscapes, indicating large-scale forest change during the twentieth century. In 1930, previous logging activities had been concentrated in the lowlands and along the main hydrographical network, as compared to a more even distribution over the landscapes in 2000, reflecting a decreasing influence of the environmental constraints on forest harvesting. In 1930, old-aged forests (>100 years) accounted for more than 75% of the unlogged areas of the three landscapes, as compared to less than 15% for the present-day conditions. Logging practices have thus inverted the stand age distribution of the landscapes that are currently dominated by young and regenerating stands. The 1930 forest cover types showed a clear relationship with elevation, with conifers located in the lowlands and mixed and deciduous stands restricted to the upper slopes. Between 1930 and 2000, 58–64% of the conifer areas transformed to mixed and deciduous forests, such that no clear altitudinal relationships remained in 2000. We conclude that twentieth century logging practices have strongly altered the preindustrial vegetation patterns in our study area, to the point that ecosystem-based management strategies should be developed to restore conifer dominance, altitudinal gradients, as well as the irregular structure inspired from old forest stands.     

河流故道区梨树-药材立体种植技术研究及分析

河流故道区梨园内间作不同药材,研究立体模式种植技术及环境效益。结果表明：梨树-半夏复合系统中,间作半夏不会造成梨减产,半夏株行距3 cm×15 cm时,产量最高563.2kg/hm^2、收获指数最高4.6、商品指数最高57%。梨树-防风复合系统中,行距为40 cm时,防风产量最高21 610.8 kg/hm^2,收获指数最高9.3、商品指数最高100%。梨树-紫菀复合系统中,提出了氮、磷、钾肥料合理配比的施用量为1 hm^2中N∶P2O5∶K2O为115.8∶292.5∶303.5,紫菀产量为16 049.69 kg/hm^2,紫菀铜含量各处理间无显著差异。对3种复合系统进行土地利用价值分析。结果表明：梨树-半夏的LER为1.8最大,梨树-紫菀的LER为1.4最低。     

农业综合开发土地治理项目施工合同签订方式的分析

农业综合开发土地治理项目是国家支持“三农”的一种重要手段．由于该项目存在着施工环境复杂、资金限额控制等因素,项目的投资控制和管理有一定的难度和特殊性,在总结项目管理的基础上．针对项目实际,对项目施工合同签订方式进行必要分析和比较．以实现对项目的有效管理。     

Analysis of mesh breaking loads in cotton gill nets: Possible solution to ghost fishing

ABSTRACT:   A small number of fishers in Chiba Prefecture of eastern Japan use cotton gill nets to catch Japanese spiny lobster Panulirus japonicus. To examine the advantages of cotton gill nets, we analyzed changes in mesh breaking load of a new cotton gill net used in a fishing operation. A new cotton gill net was also soaked in a seawater tank to simulate ghost fishing conditions. The average mesh breaking load of new cotton mesh was 50.3 N. This value decreased to 19.0 N after 38 days (∼912 h), and after 82 days (∼1968 h) the mesh could be easily torn (breaking load 0.07 N). Under fishing conditions, the cumulative soak time was only 744.4 h over 19 months. The average breaking load at the end of this period was 43.1 N, a strength 86% that of the presoaked mesh. The mesh breaking load of a cotton gill net continuously soaked for 744.4 h was 26.1 N, as estimated from tank experiment data. Thus, a cotton gill net maintains reasonable strength under typical use conditions, but will degrade if lost at sea.     

A Review on Decaffeination of Tea Products

Since caffeine possesses some well-unknown adverse effects,many attempts have been conducted to remove it from tea products,including selective extraction with different solvents,enzymatic degradation and inhibition the caffeine synthesis pathway.Reports showed that caffeine can be safely and efficiently removed from fresh tea leaves by hot water blanching,however this approach is not suitable for treating the rolled or dried leaves because of the unavoidable loss of catechins.Although microwave-enhanced vacuum ice water extraction can be used for decaffeination of dried tea,time consumption seems to be the main shortage of this method.Liquefied dimethyl ether might be used as another alternative solvent for selective extraction of caffeine from tea products because of its low toxicity and residum,but its decaffeination efficiency needs to be verified furthermore.It has been proved that supercritical carbon dioxide extraction is an effective approach for removing caffeine from different types of tea products,while the application of the technique is always limited as its expensive equipments and high running costs.Decaffeination with microbe incubation or enzymatic digestion is highly hopeful since many studies showed that some microorganisms can degrade the caffeine through induced demethylase and oxidase under gentle condition in some model systems,unfortunately,this approach is far away from application since security and quality of the decaffeinated products are rarely concerned.Low-caffeine tea products can be easily produced through normal manufacture by using the leaves harvested from some low-caffeine cultivars which are derived through genetic modification or conventional breeding,but these germplasms are very limited.     

转基因大豆CP4-EPSPS蛋白的降解规律研究

随着转基因技术发展和应用,转基因外源基因表达蛋白在环境中富集和降解情况成为公众关注的问题,外源蛋白在环境中的检测和监测成为转基因研究和监管的一个方向.本研究利用模拟自然降解和蛋白酶K两种方式,处理转基因大豆种子(5％GTS 40-3-2),采用Western blot、双抗夹心快速检测试纸条和酶联免疫吸附测定(ELIS...