氮肥运筹对寒地香稻绥粳4号产量及叶面积指数的影响

为促进寒地香型粳稻高产高效栽培,以寒地香稻品种绥粳4号为材料,探讨了氮肥运筹方式对其产量及LAI的影响。结果表明:随着前期施氮比例的增加,有效穗数会增加,但成穗率会先上升后下降。产量随着前期施氮量的增加而先上升后又明显下降;NA3处理(底肥40%,返青分蘖肥30%,穗肥20%,粒肥10%)产量最高达9 564.8kg·hm~(-2)。分蘖盛期、齐穗期、成熟期的LAI均以NA4处理(底肥60%,返青分蘖肥20%,穗肥20%),重申最大,各时期LAI均与产量呈先上升后下降的二次曲线关系,分蘖盛期最适LAI为1.16,齐穗期最适LAI为5.34,结实期最适LAI为4.51。NA3处理的氮肥运筹方式更适合寒地香型粳稻绥粳4号。     

南疆超高产棉花源库特征研究

[目的]在南疆自然生态条件下,研究超高产棉花源库指标,阐明超高产棉花产量形成机理,为新疆棉花高产优质栽培提供理论依据.[方法]以中棉所49号为供试材料,采用大田调查方式,对不同皮棉产量水平(超高产:皮棉3 000 kg/hm2以上;高产:皮棉2 225～3 000 kg/hm2;中低产:皮棉2 225 kg/hm2以下)产量构成因素、LAI、干物质积累、叶片SPAD值、"三桃"比例及叶面积载荷量等源库指标进行调查研究.[结果]棉花产量构成因素中群体成铃数对棉花产量贡献率最大(r=0.997**),超高产棉花生育前期LAI增长速率高于高产、中低产田,峰值大且出现较早.而前期LAI的快速增长提高了伏前桃、伏桃比例,同时也促进了中后期光合产物向库器官积累.[结论]超高产棉花叶源生育前期增长较快,峰值大且中后期保持较高水平,增源扩库是超高产棉花产量形成的主要途径.     

红壤稻田长期施钾肥及有机肥对水稻叶面积指数及产量构成的影响

在实施了29年定位施肥试验的红壤稻田,进行了水稻叶面积的测量分析和水稻产量构成分析。结果表明:抽穗期叶面积指数增施钾肥提高13.0%,增施有机肥提高47.0%。钾效应系数为13.0%,有机肥效应系数为14.3%。产量构成方面,增施钾肥有效穗数提高5.1%,每穗总粒数提高15.3%,结实率提高0.8%,千粒重提高5.5%;增施有机肥有效穗数降低1.3%,每穗总粒数增加11.8%,结实率降低2.0%,千粒重降低13.0%。     

控释肥料对不同品种花生(Arachis hypogaea L.)叶片生理的影响

大田栽培条件下,以"花育22"和"花育20"品种为材料,以不施肥为对照,设控释肥675 kg hm-2、控释肥506 kg hm-2和普通肥料3个处理,研究了控释肥料对不同品种花生叶片衰老的影响。结果表明:相比普通肥料,控释肥可以提高花生生育后期叶面积系数、叶绿素含量以及有关保护酶的活性,降低叶片膜脂过氧化程度,有效延缓花生的衰老速率,提高生育后期光合产物积累,为花生产量的提高奠定基础。因此,控释肥是花生较为理想的肥料。     

基于集合卡尔曼滤波的PyWOFOST模型在东北玉米估产中的适用性验证

以叶面积指数(LAI)为结合点,引入基于集合卡尔曼滤波(Ensemble Kalman Filter,EnKF)的作物模型-遥感信息耦合模型PyWOFOST,利用气象数据、农业气象记录观测表数据及MODIS LAI数据检验PyWOFOST模型在东北玉米种植区的适用性,并选取在研究区内均匀分布、覆盖所有玉米品种且具有有效MODIS LAI数据的16个玉米农气站点,模拟该模型在不同的TSUM1(出苗-开花期积温)不确定性水平下各站点的玉米产量及LAI。结果表明,与WOFOST模型相比,PyWOFOST模型对LAI和产量的模拟能力都有极大提高。当TSUM1的不确定性为0、10、20、30℃时,PyWOFOST模拟的产量平均误差分别为10.32%、9.25%、7.31%和8.49%,均较未同化LAI观测数据的WOFOST模拟的产量平均误差(10.55%)低;同化后模拟LAI与同化前模拟LAI相比,其轨迹更接近实测值,更符合玉米的生长发育趋势,表明基于EnKF的PyWOFOST模型在东北玉米种植区有较好的适用性。     

基于主成分分析的叶面积指数尺度效应

为描述多空间尺度观测数据在表达同一区域农作物叶面积指数(LAI)分布特征时存在的差异,该文提出了一种基于主成分分析(PCA)的LAI尺度效应分析方法。该方法充分考虑了多尺度数据的相关性与差异性,从统计分析角度出发,采用PCA进行数据挖掘和信息重组,引入动态多元线性回归模式基于主成分信息(PCs)反演估算LAI,进而定量描述尺度效应。选取大麦和玉米为试验对象,先以地面最细空间尺度观测数据为基准,通过尺度上推构建一系列不同空间尺度数据;再依据上述尺度效应分析方法进行有效信息提取和LAI估算,并纳入有效主成分个数(NEPCs)、决定系数(R2)和平均相对精度(MRA)等参数定量描述尺度效应。理论分析和数值实践证实了该方法在农作物LAI尺度效应定量分析中的可行性和有效性。     

北京山区森林叶面积指数季相变化遥感监测

森林叶面积指数(LAI)遥感反演,对于区域环境生态监测具有重要意义。该文以北京市西北山区鹫峰国家森林公园为研究区,获取多时相Landsat5 TM数据,并利用半球形照相机(Hemispherical Photography)同步获取森林LAI。使用3种植被指数(归一化植被指数NDVI、增强植被指数EVI和三梯度差植被指数TGDVI),分别建立单个观测时期及整个时期的LAI反演模型,通过相关性分析筛选出最佳模型。研究表明利用整个时期的LAI建立的模型精度较高,其中最好的是基于NDVI的LAI指数模型。利用该模型反演森林LAI,生成基于时间序列的北京山区森林LAI分布图。该研究进一步分析了阔叶林、针叶林和混交林3种情况,结果表明,与不分植被类型的LAI反演模型精度比较,阔叶林和混交林有所提高,而针叶林稍微下降,但模型精度均达到显著水平。     

Is crop N demand more closely related to dry matter accumulation or leaf area expansion during vegetative growth?

The critical crop nitrogen uptake is defined as the minimum nitrogen uptake necessary to achieve maximum biomass accumulation (W). Across a range of crops, the critical N uptake is related to W by a power function with a coefficient less than unity that suggests crop N uptake is co-regulated by both soil N supply and biomass accumulation. However, crop N demand is also often linearly related to the expansion of the leaf area index (LAI) during the vegetative growth period. This suggests that crop N demand could be also linked with LAI extension. In this paper, we develop theory to combine these two concepts within a common framework. The aim of this paper is to determine whether generic relationships between N uptake, biomass accumulation, and LAI expansion could be identified that would be robust across both species and environment types. To that end, we used the framework to analyze data on a range of species, including C₃ and C₄ ones and mono- and di-cotyledonous crops. All crops were grown in either temperate or tropical and subtropical environments without limitations on N supply. The relationship between N uptake and biomass was more robust, across environment types, than the relationship of LAI with biomass. In general, C₃ species had a higher N uptake per unit biomass than C₄ species, whereas dicotyledonous species tended to have higher LAI per unit biomass than monocotyledonous ones. Species differences in N uptake per unit biomass were partly associated with differences in LAI and N-partitioning. Consequently the critical leaf-N uptake per unit LAI (specific leaf nitrogen, SLN) was relatively constant across species at 1.8–2.0 g m⁻², a value that was close to published data on the critical SLN of new leaves at the top of the canopy. Our results indicate that critical N uptake curves as a function of biomass accumulation may provide a robust platform for simulating N uptake of a species. However, if crop simulation models are to capture the genotypic and environmental control of crop N dynamics in a physiologically functional manner, plant growth has to be considered as the sum of a metabolic (e.g. leaves) and a structural (e.g. stems) compartment, each with its own demand for metabolic and structural N.     

Relationship between leaf area index and ground cover in potato under different management conditions

The ability of a potato (Solanum tuberosum L.) plant to intercept solar radiation is closely related to tuber yield. Leaf Area Index and ground cover measurements are frequently used to estimate light interception. Within this experiment LAI and ground cover were highly correlated even under different management practices with correlation coefficients ranging from 0.52 to 0.92. When correlating LAI and ground cover the slope of the linear correlation varied with management, suggesting that LAI increased more rapidly than ground cover under some conditions. The differences between slopes may provide an estimate of canopy light interception efficiency. Leaf area duration (LAD) explained 74 and 79% of the difference in total tuber yield while ground cover duration (GCD) explained 74 to 87% of the variation in 1997 and 1998, respectively.     

利用时序合成孔径雷达数据监测水稻叶面积指数

为了确定全极化雷达数据监测水稻叶面积指数动态变化的精度,该文对水稻叶面积指数与后向散射系数进行了各生长阶段建模比较。采用广东雷州地区多时相多入射角精细全极化Radarsat-2数据,结合水稻全生育期地面样方实测数据,首先分析多入射角归一化后四极化(vertical-horizontal polarization,VH;vertical-vertical polarization,VV;horizontal-horizontal polarization,HH;horizontal-vertical polarization,HV)、比值极化HH/VV后向散射系数与水稻叶面积指数(leaf area index,LAI)随时间变化特征以及在营养生长阶段、生殖生长阶段和全生育期的相关关系,提取相关系数高于0.8的极化与生长阶段进行水云模型建模,最终生成多期水稻LAI反演分布图,并验证该数据反演水稻各生长阶段LAI的精度,探索SAR数据追踪区域尺度水稻长势的可行性。结果表明,在地形较为平坦的水稻集中连片种植区,VV、HH/VV后向散射系数与LAI在营养生长期、全生育期极显著相关(P0.01),相关系数均高于0.83。营养生长阶段VV、HH/VV水云模型拟合决定系数分别为0.77、0.87,全生育期VV、HH/VV水云模型拟合决定系数分别为0.73、0.8,营养生长阶段模型优于全生育期模型。精细四极化SAR数据监测区域尺度水稻LAI动态变化具有应用潜力,优选的极化模型为进一步的水稻长势监测提供依据。