台风“利奇马”暴雨引发的土壤侵蚀调查研究——以山东省临朐县为例

[目的]实地调查极端降雨事件下的土壤侵蚀特征,探寻水土流失治理中存在的问题,为人类应对极端天气灾害提供科学依据。[方法]以受2019年8月9号台风"利奇马"暴雨影响较大的山东省临朐县为调查区域,采用资料分析与野外调查相结合的方法,分析曾家沟、耿家沟典型小流域的坡面侵蚀、道路侵蚀及弥河上游各级河道的冲淤情况。[结果]"利奇马"台风过境期间,暴雨中心的雨量站降雨量达到50 a一遇标准;林草地、撂荒地基本无细沟侵蚀发生,坡耕地细沟侵蚀模数为4 560～19 500 t/km~2,梯田田面上细沟集中于承接上方汇水的位置;受植被保护或石坎梯田的田坎完好,而其他类型田坎滑塌严重。调查样地滑塌侵蚀模数301～36 321 t/km~2,田坎滑塌最为严重;河岸尤其是弯顶处冲刷严重,河道回流区、两河交汇处、拦河坝以及桥梁上游等淤积量较大。[结论]小流域的水土保持措施可减少暴雨造成的土壤侵蚀量。建议针对不同部位和利用类型的土地设计修建适宜的蓄排水和保土措施,并加强对农民的水土保持型农艺培训,提升极端暴雨下的水土流失防灾减灾能力。     

Detection and Analysis of Magnaporthe oryzae Avirulence Genes AVR-Pib,AVR-Pik and AvrPiz-t in Heilongjiang Province

【Objective】The objective of this study is to investigate the distribution and variation mechanism of avirulence genes AVR-Pib, AVR-Pik and AvrPiz-t in Magnaporthe oryzae strains from different regions and years in Heilongjiang Province, to understand the pathogenic phenotypes of different avirulence gene alleles, and to provide a reference for utilization and distribution of resistance cultivars in Heilongjiang Province.【Method】Based on the avirulence gene sequences published in NCBI, specific primers were designed to amplify full length and the coding sequence (CDS) regions of three genes, respectively. From 2016 to 2017, 335 M. oryzae strains in different regions of Heilongjiang Province were collected and isolated, and their DNA was PCR-amplified using avirulence genes primers and analyzed by agarose gel electrophoresis. The PCR products with different band patterns and from representative strains of different regions were selected for sequencing. The sequencing results were compared with the corresponding avirulence gene sequences for base and amino acid. The pathogenic phenotype of M. oryzae strains with different variant types was determined based on the rice resistance to single-gene lines.【Result】The specific bands of AVR-Pib, AVR-Pik and AvrPiz-t were detected in PCR detection and appeared in different distribution frequencies and mutation types, indicating that these 3 avirulence genes were all distributed in Heilongjiang Province. The average amplification frequency of the 3 avirulence genes was 75.52%, 87.16% and 85.67%, respectively. Among them, 4 types of band (bandless, high band, mid to high band and low band) of AVR-Pib were detected by electrophoresis analysis and 5 variant types AVR-Pib (1-1, 1-2, 2, 3, 3-1) were detected by PCR product sequencing. The genotypes AVR-Pib-1-1, AVR-Pib-1-2, AVR-Pib-2 and AVR-Pib-3-1 are newly discovered variant types, of which genotypes AVR-Pib-1-1 and AVR-Pib-1-2 are insertions of transposon Pot2 but with different insertion sites. The genotype AVR-Pib-2 has a small fragment insertion in the upstream of CDS region. The genotype AVR-Pib-3-1 base sequence has 4 differences from the original sequence, namely 32 (C/G) 35 (T/A) 36 (T/A) 38 (T/A), and the amino acid translation was terminated prematurely. Pathogenic analysis showed that except for the normal genotype AVR-Pib-3, the other alleles lost their avirulence functions. Seven AVR-Pik alleles (D, A, B, C, E, F, F2) were detected after PCR product sequencing, and the alterations in the nucleotide sequences of these alleles all resulted in amino acid missense mutations. The 7 AVR-Pik alleles have been reported previously. The avirulence gene AvrPiz-t was analyzed by electrophoresis and sequencing of PCR products, and 2 types of band (high band and normal band type) and 4 genotypes of AvrPiz-t (A, B, C, D) were revealed. Among them, AvrPiz-t-A is the original genotype, while AvrPiz-t-B has a base A insertion at position 191, causing premature termination of amino acid translation. Genotype AvrPiz-t-C is a newly discovered allelic type, characterized by the presence of a nucleotide variation at position 17 (T/C) and the insertion of base C at position 19 compared with type A, leading to the frameshift mutation and premature translation termination. The high band type avirulent genotype AvrPiz-t-D was sequenced and verified as having an insertion of the Pot3 transposon. Rice single-gene lines infection showed that the strains with AvrPiz-t-A were avirulent to Piz-t line due to Piz-t recognition, whereas the strains with AvrPiz-t (B, C, D) were virulent to Piz-t line due to lost the ability recognized by Piz-t.【Conclusion】The avirulence genes AVR-Pib, AVR-Pik and AvrPiz-t of M. oryzae in Heilongjiang Province are widely distributed and the types of variation are abundant. The results of this study can provide a reference for breeding and popularizing rice cultivars with corresponding disease-resistance genes.     

贵州省绥阳县麻黄洞土壤渗透水-洞穴水元素变化特征及气候响应

[目的]探究白云岩洞穴上覆土壤渗透水—洞穴水水化学元素变化特征及相互关系,揭示岩溶水Ca,Mg,Sr元素比值变化与洞外气候的响应关系。[方法]以贵州省绥阳县双河洞洞穴系统中的麻黄洞为研究对象,通过麻黄洞4个洞穴水点和上覆3个土壤点土壤渗透水的定期监测、采样和室内实验,并运用统计分析方法和元素比值法对各监测指标进行比较分析。[结果]①麻黄洞上覆土壤渗透水主要水化学指标表现为旱季雨季、洞穴水主要水化学指标表现为雨季旱季的季节性变化特征。②洞穴水EC,Ca~(2+),Mg~(2+),HCO~-_3,Sr~(2+)离子浓度约为土壤渗透水的2～6倍,表明表层岩溶带岩溶过程对洞穴水水化学元素具有重要影响。③土壤渗透水对地表降雨和温度变化具有积极响应,旱季滞留于土壤中的大量矿质元素是导致4月份土壤渗透水中Ca,Mg,Sr浓度出现高值的主要原因。④洞穴水Mg/Ca、Sr/Ca比值变化及其相关性,反映了洞穴水受到来源、水—岩相互作用、洞穴水脱气沉积和先期方解石沉淀过程(PCP)等机制影响的协同性及洞穴上覆主要岩溶过程差异,因此其比值变化能够间接表现洞外温度和降雨变化。[结论]土壤渗透水、洞穴水水化学元素具有明显的月间波动和季节性变化特征,且监测点间具有显著差异。两种类型水Ca,Mg,Sr比值变化及相关性对地表降雨和温度变化具有积极响应。     

四川省地形起伏度与人口/经济的空间自相关关系

[目的]分析四川省地形起伏度与人口经济的空间关系,为区域人口合理布局、经济格局优化提供参考依据。[方法]以ASTER GDEM数据为基础,通过均值变点法确定四川省地形起伏度最佳统计单元,分析地形起伏度的分布特征;通过空间自相关分析法探讨地形起伏度与人口/经济的空间关系。[结果]四川省地形以山地和丘陵为主,整体呈现西高东低的趋势。地形起伏度与人口/经济呈空间负相关,聚集特征显著。甘孜、阿坝、凉山自治州是高地形起伏度,低人口分布,低经济水平地区;成都市是低地形起伏度,高人口分布,高经济水平地区;南充市南部县、阆中市等是低地形起伏度,高人口分布,低经济水平地区;攀枝花市仁和区、甘孜州石渠县等因自然资源或地理位置因素,地形对人口或经济影响不明显。[结论]四川省地形起伏度与人口经济呈空间负相关,但这种关系因地而异。     

基于DEM的甘肃省地貌形态特征分类

[目的]分析微观尺度上的地貌分类指标,为甘肃省的水土流失、地质灾害防治以及农业规划决策提供数据支持。[方法]利用甘肃省DEM数据,通过窗口递增分析、均值变点分析、叠加分析、水系盒维数检验等方法,得到甘肃省地貌形态特征分类试验的最佳分析窗口以及甘肃省地貌形态特征分类结果。[结果](1)利用均值变点分析得到甘肃省DEM分类试验的最佳分析窗口为29×29。(2)根据分类指标体系,结合地表起伏度、地表切割度、地形位置指数(TPI)因子将甘肃省地貌形态分为13类。[结论]提取研究区内5个小流域对得到的甘肃省地貌形态特征分类结果进行了检验,分类结果符合实际情况。构建的甘肃省地貌形态特征的分类指标体系实现了甘肃省地貌形态特征分类试验。     

陕西退化防护林建设存在问题与改造建议

在对陕西防护林建设主要成就回顾总结的同时,指出了存在问题、提出了加强退化防护林建设的对策和建议。     

福建省森林抚育现状及对策探讨

结合2012—2016年度森林抚育补贴项目国家级抽查情况,分析总结了福建省在推进项目过程中采取的正确做法和成功经验,指出了存在的问题,并针对性地给出了合理化建议,以期为提高福建省森林抚育工作质量和成效提供参考。     

马尾松林在湖北省森林生态服务中的地位与作用

本文以湖北省2009年森林资源二类清查数据为基础数据,结合野外调查实测数据和公开发表的文献数据,采用国家林业局颁布的林业行业标准《森林生态系统服务功能评估规范》(LY/T1721-2008),对湖北省不同森林类型的生态服务功能及价值进行了评估,以期探讨马尾松林在湖北省森林资源中的重要作用。结果表明:湖北省马尾松林生态系统服务功能总价值985.5亿元·a^-1,各类别服务价值顺序为:固碳释氧(363.7亿元·a^-1)>生物多样性保护(256.2亿元·a^-1)>涵养水源(149.0亿元·a^-1)>净化大气环境(112.9亿元·a^-1)>保育土壤(79.5亿元·a^-1)>积累营养物质(24.2亿元·a^-1)。湖北省马尾松林面积占湖北省所有森林面积的24.3%,在不考虑提供负离子和物种保育价值的前提下其生态服务价值为728.8亿元·a^-1,占湖北省森林生态服务总价值的27.3%,远大于其他林分类型(栎类13.0%,灌木林12.6%,其他硬阔叶林11.5%,阔叶混交9.5%,杨类5.1%,其他针叶纯林4.4%,杉木4.0%,针阔混交3.6%,其他软阔叶林2.4%,竹林1.5%,针叶混交林0.4%,经济林0.3%)的生态服务价值。马尾松单位面积生态服务价值为32699.1元·hm^-2·a^-1,高于杨类、栎类、软阔叶林、阔叶混交林、经济林、竹林和灌木林的单位面积生态服务价值。湖北省马尾松林的生态服务价值主要体现在固碳释氧、生物多样性保护和涵养水源价值上。因此,应当加强对马尾松林的保护和科学管理,以发挥其作为重要造林树种的生态服务功能。     

辽宁省污灌区土壤重金属污染特征与生态风险评价

针对当前污灌区土壤污染研究中存在的问题,提出了一种模糊识别模型评价土壤综合环境质量,并对潜在生态风险指数法进行改进,用以计量重金属潜在生态风险。采用建立的方法对辽宁省污灌区土壤环境质量和重金属潜在生态风险进行了评价,结果显示:Cd是辽宁省污灌区首要重金属污染物,而Hg、Pb、Ni污染较为普遍;重金属的来源主要是灌溉污水和农田施肥;以工业废水为灌溉用水的灌区污染情况比以河水为灌溉用水的灌区污染严重;污灌区重金属元素污染程度大小依次为:Cd>Pb>Ni>Hg>Cu>Cr>As,而重金属潜在生态风险从大到小则依次为:Cd>Hg>Pb>Cu>Ni>As>Cr。总体来看,辽宁省污灌区存在一定程度的重金属污染,且具有较为明显的复合型污染特点,其潜在生态风险超出警戒水平,各灌区应根据各自污染特点和风险等级制定相应的污染防治对策。     

山东省土壤有机碳密度和储量估算

农业土壤有机碳密度和储量是全球变化及碳循环研究的重要问题。采用山东省第二次土壤普查数据,以土种为单位,对山东省土壤有机碳密度和总量进行了估算。土壤有机碳密度变化范围为38.50-0.77kgm-2,平均6.00kgm-2,低于全国平均水平;土壤有机碳总量为5.97×108t,约占全国总量的0.65%。土壤有机碳较高的土种基本上集中分布在山前平原、山间平原、山地平原交界处、滨海(湖)低平地等地质大循环过程中的物质堆积部位,土壤有机碳密度较低的土种分布在低山丘陵顶部、上部土壤侵蚀强烈的地形部位。