低能氮离子束对不同倍性水稻的诱变效应

对二倍体水稻和同源四倍体水稻进行了低能氮离子束注入处理并对其生物学效应进行了鉴定.结果表明,低能氮离子束注入处理后对同源四倍体水稻产生的生物学效应比对二倍体水稻的生物学效应更明显,前者比后者对低能氮离子束注入更敏感;6份同源四倍体水稻的平均变异频率为21.2%,而6份相应的二倍体水稻的平均变异频率为2.6%;通过对实验材料的鉴定和筛选,获得了一些具有一定特点的突变体(高结实率的同源四倍体水稻、具有双胚苗特性的同源四倍体水稻、具有红心米性状的二倍体水稻等).由此认为,利用低能离子束注入技术对同源四倍体水稻进行遗传改良的效果值得肯定.     

Toxicity of chlorine to different sizes of black tiger shrimp (Penaeus monodon) in low-salinity shrimp pond water

An experiment was conducted, in a dark room with controlled temperature (27.3–28.4 °C), to determine the acute toxicity of chlorine concentration to black tiger shrimp (Penaeus monodon fabicus) of sizes 0.02 g, 2.75 g, 8.47 g and 23.65 g. Toxicity tests on each of these shrimp sizes were run in triplicate in glass jars under static conditions without media renewal. The concentration of active chlorine that killed 50% of the shrimp of each size after 24‐h exposure (LC₅₀‐24 h) was used as an indicator of acute toxicity. Chlorine concentrations applied in the shrimp toxicity test ranged from 2.0 to 14.5 mg L^?1 in shrimp pond water. As the test water contained total suspended solids of 22.0–85.0 mg L^?1 and total ammonia nitrogen of 0.18–0.40 mg L^?1, the resultant concentrations of combined residual chlorine ranged from 0.6 to 3.5 mg L^?1, which were the effective doses causing shrimp mortality. The test results showed that 24‐h LC₅₀ for average shrimp size at 0.02, 2.75, 8.47 and 23.65 g occurred in water containing combined residual chlorine at a concentration of 0.91, 1.39, 1.74 and 1.98 mg L^?1, for which the original application doses were 6.96, 2.05 11.50 and 13.34 mg L^?1 respectively.     

二氯异氰尿酸钠、溴氯海因、敌杀死对鲶鱼的急性毒性试验

用生物毒性试验方法进行二氯异氰尿酸钠、溴氯海因、敌杀死对鲶鱼 (9～ 1 1cm )的急性毒性试验 ,结果表明三种药物的安全浓度分别为 0 1 8mg/L、 0 56mg/L、 0 0 0 4mg/L。     

拟南芥DA1-Related Protein 2基因参与调控植物对盐胁迫的响应

土壤盐渍化是目前农业生产面临的主要问题之一,同时种子萌发转绿作为植物幼苗形态建成的基础对盐胁迫最为敏感。本研究以Col-0、Ler野生型拟南芥和osr1短根突变体拟南芥为试验材料,通过图位克隆方法得到调控根生长的DAR2(DA1-Related Protein 2)基因。本研究利用RT-PCR方法,发现生长10 d的Col-0幼苗在200 mmol·L 1氯化钠条件下处理6 h和12 h,DAR2基因受盐胁迫诱导;200 mmol·L 1氯化钠处理后,组织化学染色结果显示,萌发1 d的根尖韧皮部和3 d的叶片pDAR2::GUS的表达上升,进一步表明DAR2基因受到盐胁迫的诱导。统计不同MS培养基[0(CK)、100 mmol·L 1氯化钠、150 mmol·L 1氯化钠、200 mmol·L 1氯化钠、150 mmol·L 1氯化钾、200 mmol·L 1甘露醇]上Col-0和dar2-3的萌发率和转绿率发现:随着氯化钠浓度的逐渐增大,突变体无论萌发还是转绿时间明显比野生型晚。在150 mmol·L 1氯化钾和200 mmol·L 1甘露醇培养条件下,萌发和转绿的时间也比野生型要晚。这些结果表明突变体在萌发和转绿期对盐胁迫的敏感性比野生型明显增强,进一步证明了突变体对盐胁迫的敏感性并不是对离子的特异响应。这些研究结果为深入了解逆境胁迫下植物早期生长发育的可塑性调控机制奠定了基础,同时也为通过生物技术改良作物抗逆性提供了理论依据。     

猪舍不同发酵床垫料氨挥发与氧化亚氮排放特征

为了探明发酵床养猪过程中的氨挥发与氧化亚氮排放特征,分别选取3种不同原料的发酵床:稻壳+锯木屑(FD)、稻壳+菌糠(FJ)、稻壳+酒糟(FW)作为研究对象,采用静态箱法收集气体,对1个养猪周期内(140 d)的氨挥发和氧化亚氮排放量进行测定。结果表明,3种垫料的氨挥发高峰期呈现出一定的时间顺序:FW主要出现在饲养前期,FJ出现在前中期,而FD则集中在饲养中后期。3种垫料的氨挥发总量具有显著性差异,FW发酵床在整个养殖周期内的氨挥发总量最大,为9.06 kg;其次是FJ,氨挥发总量达到4.83 kg。3种发酵床垫料的氧化亚氮排放规律具有一致性,即排放高峰期主要集中在饲养中后期;其排放总量同样具有显著性差异,同氨挥发总量一样,FW的氧化亚氮排放总量最高,达到2.06 kg;其次是FJ,氧化亚氮排放总量为1.74 kg。通过物质流分析发现,以氨气和氧化亚氮转化损失的氮量占氮素总损失量的23%~36%,说明气体转化是发酵床养猪过程中氮素的主要损失途径之一。     

黄壤颗粒表面离子吸附动力学中的离子特异性效应

基于考虑离子非经典极化作用的离子吸附动力学模型,以可变电荷黄壤颗粒为代表材料,研究了锂离子(Li+)、钠离子(Na+)和铯离子(Cs+)在黄壤颗粒表面的吸附动力学特征,进一步计算了离子在土壤/水界面的扩散距离与表面电化学参数。结果表明:(1)Li+、Na+和Cs+在黄壤颗粒表面吸附仅存在一级动力学过程并存在明显的离子特异性差异,这种差异随着电解质浓度降低而增大;(2)离子非经典极化与体积效应的共同作用决定了离子在固/液界面的扩散距离,在较高浓度电解质中,Na+和Li+的离子体积和极化效应基本平衡,导致Na+和Li+离子间差异不显著,但Cs+由于强烈的非经典极化作用,扩散距离表现为:Cs+Na+≈Li+;在低浓度电解质中,离子非经典极化作用占主导,扩散距离表现为:Cs+ Na+ Li+,表明离子扩散距离在低浓度下差异大,而高浓度下差异不显著;(3)离子扩散距离的差异导致固/液界面电位的不同,Stern电位、电荷密度和电场强度均受到离子扩散距离的影响,表面电位(绝对值)在各个浓度下均表现为:Li+ Na+ Cs+,说明表面电位仅受非经典极化作用的影响。本研究将对土壤/水界面反应理论的完善提供新思路。     

青海黄河沿岸土壤盐分特征及影响因素研究

应用常规统计学方法和典范对应分析方法,研究青海黄河沿岸不同程度盐渍化土壤各属性特征及其数量关系,探讨了土壤属性与环境因子之间的关系。结果表明:非农地土壤属中度、重度盐渍化土壤和盐土;随盐渍化程度增强,土壤阳离子从镁钙盐型转变为钠盐型;土壤阴离子从硫酸盐型转变为氯化物型;除Ca~(2+)与Cl~-、K~+相关性不显著外,其他各离子浓度之间显著正相关;有机质与pH值显著负相关;电导率与各离子浓度极显著正相关,与总盐浓度的相关性高达0.91;土壤各粒级含量及分形维数与各离子浓度、电导率、总盐浓度之间相关性不显著。土地利用类型能够很好地指示土壤盐渍化水平,盐渍化程度同时受微地形影响。土壤盐碱化与沙化是两个相关的土壤退化过程。     

柠檬酸对西瓜幼苗铝毒害的缓解作用

为了探究柠檬酸对西瓜幼苗铝毒害的缓解作用,本试验采用水培法,以早春红玉(耐铝型,HY)和早蜜王(铝敏感型,ZM)2个西瓜品种为材料,用不同柠檬酸浓度(200、400、800、1 200μmol·L~(-1))处理铝胁迫(1 500μmol·L~(-1))下的西瓜幼苗,研究不同柠檬酸浓度对西瓜幼苗生长和生理特性的影响。结果表明,铝胁迫对HY和ZM幼苗的生长和生理均产生了明显的毒害作用,与HY相比,ZM受毒害的程度更大。加入柠檬酸后,铝对HY和ZM的毒害作用得到了有效的缓解,且缓解效果存在浓度差异,在一定浓度范围内(≤800μmol·L~(-1)),随着柠檬酸浓度增加缓解效果增强,其中以800μmol·L~(-1)效果最佳;当浓度增至1 200μmol·L~(-1)时,缓解效果反而减弱。柠檬酸对ZM的缓解作用强于HY,同时随着处理时间的延长柠檬酸缓解效果越明显。综上所述,柠檬酸能够有效缓解铝对西瓜幼苗的毒害作用,以400~800μmol·L~(-1)解毒效果最佳。本研究结果为明确柠檬酸缓解西瓜铝毒害作用机制以及西瓜优质高产栽培提供了理论依据。     

Effect of Lime and Flooding on Phosphorus Availability and Rice Growth on Two Acidic Lowland Soils

Abstract

Loss of soil‐water saturation may impair growth of rainfed lowland rice by restricting nutrient uptake, including the uptake of added phosphorus (P). For acidic soils, reappearance of soluble aluminum (Al) following loss of soil‐water saturation may also restrict P uptake. The aim of this study was to determine whether liming, flooding, and P additions could ameliorate the effects of loss of soil‐water saturation on P uptake and growth of rice. In the first pot experiment, two acid lowland soils from Cambodia [Kandic Plinthaqult (black clay soil) and Plinthustalf (sandy soil)] were treated with P (45 mg P kg^?1 soil) either before or after flooding for 4 weeks to investigate the effect of flooding on effectiveness of P fertilizer for rice growth. After 4 weeks, soils were air dried and crushed and then wet to field capacity and upland rice was grown in them for an additional 6 weeks. Addition of P fertilizer before rather than after flooding depressed the growth of the subsequently planted upland rice. During flooding, there was an increase in both acetate‐extractable Fe and the phosphate sorption capacity of soils, and a close relationship between them (r²=0.96–0.98). When P was added before flooding, Olsen and Bray 1‐extractable P, shoot dry matter, and shoot P concentrations were depressed, indicating that flooding decreased availability of fertilizer P. A second pot experiment was conducted with three levels of lime as CaCO₃ [to establish pH (CaCl₂) in the oxidized soils at 4, 5, and 6] and four levels of P (0, 13, 26, and 52 mg P kg^?1 soil) added to the same two acid lowland rice soils under flooded and nonflooded conditions. Under continuously flooded conditions, pH increased to over 5.6 regardless of lime treatment, and there was no response of rice dry matter to liming after 6 weeks' growth, but the addition of P increased rice dry matter substantially in both soils. In nonflooded soils, when P was not applied, shoot dry matter was depressed by up to one‐half of that in plants grown under continuously flooded conditions. Under the nonflooded conditions, rice dry matter and leaf P increased with the addition of P, but less so than in flooded soils. Leaf P concentrations and shoot dry matter responded strongly to the addition of lime. The increase in shoot dry matter of rice with lime and P application in nonflooded soil was associated with a significant decline in soluble Al in the soil and an increase in plant P uptake. The current experiments show that the loss of soil‐water saturation may be associated with the inhibition of P absorption by excess soluble Al. By contrast, flooding decreased exchangeable Al to levels below the threshold for toxicity in rice. In addition, the decreased P availability with loss of soil‐water saturation may have been associated with a greater phosphate sorption capacity of the soils during flooding and after reoxidation due to occlusion of P within ferric oxyhydroxides formed.