提高特殊柱塞泵往复密封寿命的优化设计

针对输送含颗粒介质柱塞泵的柱塞、填料寿命问题,从接触型往复密封的摩擦学机理出发,通过优化匹配柱塞直径、行程及泵速各参数,合理控制柱塞的线速度,降低摩擦速度,对柱塞填料密封进行优化设计;通过求解间隙中的流体力学层流运动问题,合理控制冲洗液的压力,保证全压密封系统中接触区的液膜处在混合润滑状态下工作,使密封副有良好的润滑;提出了两种填料函方案,并和采用不同表面处理工艺的柱塞及多种填料搭配组合进行试验.试验结果表明,密封累计运行了4 455 h后,组合1和组合2柱塞的磨损仅为0.03 mm和0.05 mm;在生产实际中,改进后的密封设计,使柱塞及填料的使用寿命从原来的1 500 h提高到4 500 h以上.     

菜地土壤磷素淋失及其影响因素

以菜地为供试土壤,研究了0~100 cm菜地土壤Olsen-P、CaCl2-P、NaOH-P的空间分布状况及其相关关系。结果表明,0~20 cm菜地Olsen-P、CaCl2-P、NaOH-P含量分别为:123.8~399.6 mg/kg、9.1~27.2 mg/kg、184.9~608.9mg/kg。土壤Olsen-P、CaCl2-P、NaOH-P主要积累在0~20 cm土层,随着土壤深度的增加土壤磷的积累量逐渐降低;土壤Olsen-P与CaCl2-P、NaOH-P呈显著正相关关系。土壤Olsen-P含量高于55.6~63.0 mg/kg时,土壤CaCl2-P显著增加,此时的Olsen-P含量为土壤磷渗漏淋失显著增加的“突变点”。     

气候变化对福州植物气候生产力的影响分析

利用Thornthwaite Memoriae模型估算了福州市近30多年来的植物气候生产力的状况,在分析了年均气温、降水量、风速和相对湿度年际变化的基础上,探讨了植物气候生产力的变化原因。植物气候生产力与年均气温、风速成正比,故20世纪70年代后期和90年代后,受其影响,植物气候生产力在增大;植物气候生产力与年降水量和相对湿度成反比,所以20世纪70年代前期以及80年代,植物气候生产力在逐渐降低。     

Consequences of climate change for European agricultural productivity, land use and policy

This paper reviews the knowledge on effects of climate change on agricultural productivity in Europe and the consequences for policy and research. Warming is expected to lead to a northward expansion of suitable cropping areas and a reduction of the growing period of determinate crops (e.g. cereals), but an increase for indeterminate crops (e.g. root crops). Increasing atmospheric CO₂ concentrations will directly enhance plant productivity and also increase resource use efficiencies.

In northern areas climate change may produce positive effects on agriculture through introduction of new crop species and varieties, higher crop production and expansion of suitable areas for crop cultivation. Disadvantages may be an increase in the need for plant protection, the risk of nutrient leaching and the turnover of soil organic matter. In southern areas the disadvantages will predominate. The possible increase in water shortage and extreme weather events may cause lower harvestable yields, higher yield variability and a reduction in suitable areas for traditional crops. These effects may reinforce the current trends of intensification of agriculture in northern and western Europe and extensification in the Mediterranean and southeastern parts of Europe.

Policy will have to support the adaptation of European agriculture to climate change by encouraging the flexibility of land use, crop production, farming systems etc. In doing so, it is necessary to consider the multifunctional role of agriculture, and to strike a variable balance between economic, environmental and social functions in different European regions. Policy will also need to be concerned with agricultural strategies to mitigate climate change through a reduction in emissions of methane and nitrous oxide, an increase in carbon sequestration in agricultural soils and the growing of energy crops to substitute fossil energy use. The policies to support adaptation and mitigation to climate change will need to be linked closely to the development of agri-environmental schemes in the European Union Common Agricultural Policy.

Research will have further to deal with the effect on secondary factors of agricultural production, on the quality of crop and animal production, of changes in frequency of isolated and extreme weather events on agricultural production, and the interaction with the surrounding natural ecosystems. There is also a need to study combined effects of adaptation and mitigation strategies, and include assessments of the consequences on current efforts in agricultural policy to develop a sustainable agriculture that also preserves environmental and social values in the rural society.     

Experimental analysis of the abrasive belt follow-up grinding of Zirconium-4 alloys tubes and pipes

Abrasive belt grinding experiments of Zr-4 nuclear power tube are carried out by using three different abrasive belts with same size, and the interactive generating mechanism between abrasive and workpiece is analyzed, the main factors of material removal rate and surface roughness of Zr-4 alloys are obtained. With the help of the advanced test facilities, the abrasive grain abrasion and surface topography of the workpiece are observed. The metallographic structure and microhardness of the layer of burnt surface during Zr-4 alloys Grinding are analyzed. Some conclusions are given as follows: the material removal rate and surface roughness are mainly affected by the factors of belt speed, grinding pressure, hardness of the contact wheel and abrasive type, of which, the belt speed is the strongest factor. The adhesion wear of the Zirconium corundum and aluminium oxide abrasive grit is more serious, the most important wear form of silicon carbide is abrasion wear. With the onset of grinding burn, the mechanical properties of Zr-4 alloys are deteriorated obviously. The results provide a theoretical and experimental basis for technical optimization in the grinding of Zr-4 alloys with efficiency and high quality.     

‘龙柱’碧桃嫁接繁育影响因子探讨

试验表明,‘龙柱’碧桃嫁接繁育时,切接生产一级苗比例高达33. 4%,在4月上中旬气温较高时,采用蜡封、粗细0. 8～1. 0 cm接穗,成活率最高为90. 8%,适宜生产高端景观绿化苗;芽接时,采用砧穗粗细匹配、新采接穗、避开雨天、7月上旬～8月下旬适于嫁接,成活率高达94.6%,单株平均净收入为3.23元,高于切接苗0.19元/株,经济效益好。     

哈尔滨松花江公路大桥动力特性试验

通过对哈尔滨松花江公路大桥进行动力特性实测和利用有限元程序ANSYS进行了建模和计算分析,得到的实测值和理论计算值差别不大。并通过研究获得了大桥的固有频率、模态、阻尼比和在动力荷我作用下的冲击系数,了解了该桥在动载荷作用下的实际工作状态,从而判断该桥整体结构的安全承我能力和使用条件。     

论秦汉前中原古代地理发展成就

从狭义中原的地理范畴,解读各类历史典籍中所记录的秦汉前中原及与中原相关的地理内容,从中把握秦汉以前中原古代地理发展的历史脉络、地理成就、发展特点及蕴含的历史地理价值。研究认为,在中国区域性地理发展历史中,尤其是秦汉前中原古代地理发展史不仅可以独立成章,而且形成极具理性的中原古代地理体系,并深刻地影响了中国古代地理科学的历史发展过程。     

可变形磨损模型下微型离心泵复合磨损研究

为了探究微型离心泵在不同颗粒体积分数下的复合磨损类型与磨损变化,基于计算流体动力学与离散元耦合的方法,通过可变形磨料磨损Archard模型与可变形冲蚀磨损Oka模型对离心泵在不同颗粒体积分数（2%、4%、6%、8%、10%、12%）下的颗粒-部件碰撞占比率、磨损分布与演化进行了研究。通过对比实验发现颗粒体积分数在4%附近时颗粒与叶轮叶片、蜗壳碰撞占比率呈现不同的变化趋势。离心泵磨损以磨料磨损为主,磨料磨损中蜗壳为磨损最严重的部件,占总磨料磨损量的68.5%,随着颗粒体积分数的增加,蜗壳处磨料磨损由断面Ⅷ向断面Ⅰ演化,蜗壳前后端先后磨损。冲蚀磨损高磨损区域主要集中于叶轮叶片,占冲蚀磨损总量的95.83%,蜗壳处冲蚀磨损断面演化规律与磨料磨损变化规律近似,但蜗壳后端最先被磨损。颗粒体积分数对蜗壳磨料磨损变形量影响较大,蜗壳、叶轮磨料磨损变形量与冲蚀磨损变形量具有相似的变化趋势。     

以白菜为例的转基因植物环境安全性评价研究

以转除草剂抗性基因的白菜为例,通过对具体事实的展现和分析,介绍了关于转基因植物环境安全性评价的方法,以及目前国际上关于转基因作物的一些比较一致的结论。针对我国的农业生态环境,结合试验结果,讨论了获得的转基因白菜的环境安全性。