并联油液型混合动力挖掘机发动机转速控制方法

通过对并联式油液混合动力挖掘机的原理和结构分析,提出一种改进的油液混合动力结构方案。采用双向液压马达代替二次调节泵,通过不同开关阀组合控制辅助动力系统回路。利用Simulink对该系统建模后,获取相应元器件尺寸参数及控制参数。采用双转速工作点切换的控制策略,在改装后的油液型混合动力挖掘机上进行实验。实验中利用整合负载预测的发动机转速PID控制方法对发动机目标转速、辅助油液动力系统输出扭矩进行调节。仿真和实验分析表明,该发动机转速控制方法可以有效改善油液型混合动力系统中发动机转速波动,使之稳定在高效燃油区域内,综合节能效果提高14%。     

基于全流道模拟的泵装置出水流道水力特性分析

为研究低扬程泵装置出水流道的水力性能,采用CFD方法对泵装置进行全流道数值计算,并通过模型试验对数值计算结果的准确性进行验证。分析了隔墩对出水流道水力性能和泵装置能量特性的影响,阐述了出水流道流量不平衡的问题以及环量对出水流道内部流动特性的影响。结果表明:对于低扬程泵装置,出水流道的隔墩对泵装置能量性能的影响较大,应尽量避免设置隔墩;在出水流道中,隔墩前伸会增加出水流道的水力损失,导致两孔流量分配更加不相等,隔墩后伸对两孔流量的分配无影响但会增加出水流道的水力损失,从而降低泵装置的水力性能。无环量时出水流道的水力损失与流量呈二次方关系,有环量时出水流道的水力损失增大,且内部流态变得复杂。出水流道的内外特性与泵装置的运行工况有关系,应避免将出水流道独立地从泵装置系统中脱离出来进行水力性能的计算分析。     

基于PLC的水轮机调速系统的开发与研究

针对当前我国水轮机调速器领域技术现状,本文在使用可编程控制器实现导叶控制的基础上,设计了一种采用可编程控制器实现导叶、轮叶双调节系统。实际应用表明,该方案大大提高了导叶、轮叶之间针对不同水头情况的协调精度,提高了水能的利用率。     

Effect of soil compaction on hydraulic properties of two loess soils in China

Soil compaction affects hydraulic properties, and thus can lead to soil degradation and other adverse effects on environmental quality. This study evaluates the effects of three levels of compaction on the hydraulic properties of two silty loam soils from the Loess Plateau, China. Undisturbed soil cores were collected from the surface (0–5 cm) and subsurface (10–15 cm) layers at sites in Mizhi and Heyang in Shaanxi Province. The three levels of soil compaction were set by increasing soil bulk density by 0% (C0), 10% (C1) and 20% (C2) through compression and hammering in the laboratory. Soil water retention curves were then determined, and both saturated hydraulic conductivity (K_s) and unsaturated hydraulic conductivity were estimated for all of the samples using standard suction apparatus, a constant head method and the hot-air method, respectively. The high level of compaction (C2) significantly changed the water retention curves of both the surface and subsurface layers of the Heyang soil, and both levels of compaction (C1 and C2) changed the curves of the two layers from the Mizhi site. However, the effects of compaction on the two soils were only pronounced below water tensions of 100 kPa. Saturated hydraulic conductivities (K_s) were significantly reduced by the highest compaction level for both sampled layers of the Heyang soil, but no difference was observed in this respect between the C0 and C1 treatments. K_s values decreased with increasing soil compaction for both layers of the Mizhi soil. Unsaturated hydraulic conductivities were not affected by soil compaction levels in the measured water volume ratio range, and the values obtained were two to five orders of magnitude higher for the Mizhi soil than for the Heyang soil. The results indicate that soil compaction could strongly influence, in different ways, the hydraulic properties of the two soils.     

土壤饱和水力传导度的空间变异性

土壤性质的空间变异性对于土壤改良和作物高产都是重要的。本文就土壤饱和水力传导度的空间变异性、孔性数值与饱和水力传导度的相关分析和用大孔隙度标定饱和水力传导度的空间变异性进行了研究。研究结果表明土壤饱和水力传导度的半方差图体现了该土性的空间结构;土壤饱和水力传导度主要通过大孔隙度来表征,二者的关系可以用直线函数和幂函数的关系式来表示;可以从大孔隙度的分布导出和表征饱和水力传导度标定因子的频率分布,作为他和水力传导度的空间分布的度量。     

Hydro-physical responses of gypseous and non-gypseous soils to livestock grazing in a semi-arid region of NE Spain

Pasture productivity depends on soil hydro-physical properties, which in turn are deeply affected by livestock grazing. However, the comparative response of different soil types, and particularly gypseous soil types, to grazing has hardly been studied before. This paper compares the effect of grazing on the soil hydro-physical properties of silty gypseous (Gy) and non-gypseous (NGy) soils located in a semi-arid region (Middle Ebro Valley, NE, Spain). Two different soil managements were selected: ungrazed natural shrubland (N) and grazed shrubland (GR) soils. The gypsum, CaCO₃ and organic matter content (OM), soil texture, soil bulk density (ρ_b), penetration resistance (PR), saturated sorptivity (S), hydraulic conductivity (K), and the water retention curve (WRC) for undisturbed soil samples from 1 to 10 cm depth soil layer were measured. The ρ_b and PR in NGy soils were significantly higher than those observed in the Gy ones. Soil compaction due to grazing treatment tended to increase ρ_b and decrease the K and S values. While no differences in PR were observed in the Gy soils between grazing treatments, the PR measured in the NGy soils under GR was significantly higher than the corresponding values observed under N. Differences in K and S between GR and N treatments were only significant (p < 0.05) in NGy soils, where K and S values under the N treatment were almost four times greater than the corresponding values measured under GR. Overall, no differences in the WRCs were observed between soil types and grazing treatments. While the WRCs of NGy soils were not significantly affected by the grazing treatment, Gy soils under N treatment present a significantly higher level of soil macropores than under GR treatment. The hydro-physical features of Gy soils tended to be less affected by grazing than those of the NGy soils. These results suggest that livestock grazing, in both Gy and NGy soils, has a negative effect on the physical soil properties, which should be taken into account by land managers of these semi-arid regions where silty gypseous and non-gypseous areas coexist.     

低压条件下PY115型摇臂式喷头水力性能试验

针对喷头在低压条件下工作时水力性能较差的问题,提出采用异形喷嘴降低水滴打击强度并改善喷洒均匀性的方法.选取PY115型摇臂式喷头为研究对象,设计了3套改进喷嘴的方案,在出口喷嘴上增加了1、2、3个凹槽,凹槽的尺寸均为宽0.5 mm,高0.3 mm,位置分别在出口喷嘴下方和左右两侧.在工作压力为200 kPa下进行了试验测量,同时在正方形组合间距为13～18 m时,采用Matlab语言编制程序对其进行了仿真计算.试验和计算结果表明:在低压条件工作时,随着凹槽数量的增多,流量增大,射程缩短8.1％ ～9.4％,末端水滴直径降低系数为2.9％ ～ 6.8％,平均喷灌强度增大并均符合规范要求.增加凹槽有利于提高组合均匀系数,出口喷嘴增加3个凹槽时效果最佳,组合均匀系数最高超过90％,证明了所设计异形喷嘴方案的可行性.     

农用无过载离心泵水力性能与内部流动计算

试验研究证明水力效率偏低(比普通泵约低2％～8％)是无过载离心泵效率较低的主要原因。为了提高水力性能,对无过载离心叶轮内部流动进行了数值模拟。采用IKhalil等人的计算方法,在子午面上用势流计算确定流面位置,回转面的计算则采用了完全粘性的湍流场计算方法。结果表明,无过载离心叶轮内部流动既没有出现分离,也没有明显的尾迹区存在。因此,水力效率偏低系由叶片包角过大、流道狭长、沿程水力摩擦损失过大所致。     

汽车动力总成液压悬置的研究发展

在阐述汽车动力总成悬置系统的理想动特性的基础上，对被动液压悬置、半主动和主动控制式悬置结构及工作原理进行了总结，综述了三类悬置的研究发展现状。最后对各类悬置的性能特点进行了对比分析，并总结了各类悬置的进一步研究方向。     

计算机建模与仿真在液压伺服控制系统中的研究应用

计算机建模和仿真软件可协助液压控制系统对已有系统进行校验,当1种液压控制系统不能正常工作时,基于模型的控制能够提供1种精确的指示工具,其控制方法具有很大的灵活性.本文着重介绍了在液压伺服控制系统中,若结合计算机软件进行仿真,对系统的参数可进行较精确地调整,并对可靠性做进一步验证,最终可以得出比较可靠的液压伺服控制系统.