Effect of soil compaction on hydraulic properties of two loess soils in China

Soil compaction affects hydraulic properties, and thus can lead to soil degradation and other adverse effects on environmental quality. This study evaluates the effects of three levels of compaction on the hydraulic properties of two silty loam soils from the Loess Plateau, China. Undisturbed soil cores were collected from the surface (0–5 cm) and subsurface (10–15 cm) layers at sites in Mizhi and Heyang in Shaanxi Province. The three levels of soil compaction were set by increasing soil bulk density by 0% (C0), 10% (C1) and 20% (C2) through compression and hammering in the laboratory. Soil water retention curves were then determined, and both saturated hydraulic conductivity (K_s) and unsaturated hydraulic conductivity were estimated for all of the samples using standard suction apparatus, a constant head method and the hot-air method, respectively. The high level of compaction (C2) significantly changed the water retention curves of both the surface and subsurface layers of the Heyang soil, and both levels of compaction (C1 and C2) changed the curves of the two layers from the Mizhi site. However, the effects of compaction on the two soils were only pronounced below water tensions of 100 kPa. Saturated hydraulic conductivities (K_s) were significantly reduced by the highest compaction level for both sampled layers of the Heyang soil, but no difference was observed in this respect between the C0 and C1 treatments. K_s values decreased with increasing soil compaction for both layers of the Mizhi soil. Unsaturated hydraulic conductivities were not affected by soil compaction levels in the measured water volume ratio range, and the values obtained were two to five orders of magnitude higher for the Mizhi soil than for the Heyang soil. The results indicate that soil compaction could strongly influence, in different ways, the hydraulic properties of the two soils.     

膨润土改善鸡粪厌氧消化产酸产甲烷特性

为探究膨润土对鸡粪厌氧消化过程中产甲烷特性和可溶性有机酸代谢特性的影响,采用L8(23)正交试验设计,以鸡粪添加量(有机负荷率)、膨润土添加量和接种量为三因素,每个因素设置2个水平,研究了中温条件下(35±1)℃膨润土添加对鸡粪厌氧消化过程中产酸和产甲烷特性的影响。结果表明:与对照组相比,低有机负荷条件下,膨润土添加能显著(P0.05)提高鸡粪挥发性固体(volatile solid,VS)产甲烷量,添加量为3.0%和1.5%时VS产甲烷量分别提升了22.72%、27.72%(膨润土添加量不同的组差异不显著(P0.05));高有机负荷条件下,膨润土添加能极显著(P0.01)提高鸡粪VS产甲烷量,添加量为3.0%和1.5%时VS产甲烷量分别提升了78.68%和55.41%(膨润土添加量不同的组差异显著(P0.05))。当鸡粪添加量为19.91 g挥发性固体,膨润土添加量为3.0%(占干基比)和接种量为80 m L(体积分数20%)时,单位挥发性固体产甲烷量最高为301.92 m L/g,比对照组高87.8%,此时可变成本也最低为2.43元/m~3,比两对照组分别低1.29和1.68元/m~3。方差分析表明:膨润土添加可提高鸡粪厌氧消化过程中挥发性脂肪酸,pH值,可溶性有机碳和可溶性无机碳的稳定性。膨润土可加强鸡粪厌氧消化系统的稳定性,降低产甲烷的可变成本,为膨润土强化鸡粪厌氧处理提供了试验验证据。     

土壤饱和水力传导度的空间变异性

土壤性质的空间变异性对于土壤改良和作物高产都是重要的。本文就土壤饱和水力传导度的空间变异性、孔性数值与饱和水力传导度的相关分析和用大孔隙度标定饱和水力传导度的空间变异性进行了研究。研究结果表明土壤饱和水力传导度的半方差图体现了该土性的空间结构;土壤饱和水力传导度主要通过大孔隙度来表征,二者的关系可以用直线函数和幂函数的关系式来表示;可以从大孔隙度的分布导出和表征饱和水力传导度标定因子的频率分布,作为他和水力传导度的空间分布的度量。     

钢管高强混凝土增强的钢筋混凝土轴压短柱承载力研究

在截面核心用钢管高强混凝土增强的钢筋混凝土短柱轴心受压试验的基础上,分析了该轴压短柱 的受力特点、荷裁变形全过程及其受压承载力计算方法,提出了承载力简化计算公式。实例计算表明,简化计算结 果与试验结果吻合较好。     

苹果蠕变特性与静载损伤机理的研究

在描述苹果蠕变现象四元件Ｂｕｒｇｅｒｓ模型的基础上，建立了四元件五参数模型，研究了静载损伤与所受载荷、作用时间、变形量之间的关系，提出了苹果蠕变损伤的主要原因是其变形量超出了临界变形值，并且模型的粘弹性系数与损伤体积有着显著的线性相关关系。     

变频调速技术在油品安全装车中的应用

吐哈油库为了解决栈桥装车压力不平衡问题，应用变频调速技术对输油泵转进行实时调节，取得了管输压力平衡，节能和简化装车程序的效果，既提高了油品装车的安全性，又降低了能耗。     

矩形面积均布荷载下的明氏应力公式

以集中荷载作用于弹性学空间体内的明氏应力公式为依据，推出了矩形面积均布荷载下的竖向附加应力公式。对明氏解的推广应用具重要的理论意义和长远的实用价值。     

负载量对宁夏设施草莓光合作用和果实品质的影响

研究不同果实负载量处理对宁夏设施草莓生长发育、光合作用和果实品质的影响。结果表明:花期进行疏果,能显著增加草莓叶面积,提高果实中性转化酶、蔗糖合酶和细胞壁转化酶活性,降低了酸性转化酶活性、叶绿素含量和净光合速率,果实品质得到显著提高。每株草莓留果量超过2个果实后,产量不再显著增加。在设施环境条件下,花期疏果,可通过调节果实内蔗糖代谢关键酶活性调节库容量和库强,加快叶片发育和加强光合作用,最终提高果实的品质。     

磁流体密封液下泵结构设计与试验

为了解决输送核原料的液下泵工作过程中存在无色剧毒氟化氢气体溢出的问题,在此类液下泵的主轴上选取磁流体为密封材料,应用磁流体密封技术,设计了一套采用螺旋齿的磁流体密封结构,并推导出了密封压差设计公式．通过理论分析和试验研究,讨论了液下泵在液体工作环境下的转速、温度、磁流体体积、密封间隙和磁场强度对磁流体密封承压能力的影响．结果表明,设置在液下泵上的磁流体密封结构的承压能力随着转速、温度和密封间隙的增大而下降;随着磁场强度的升高而增大,且密封承压能力试验值最大可达8×10^5Pa;随着磁流体体积的增大而增大,但是当磁流体体积超过一定的临界值后,磁流体密封的承压能力将不再随着磁流体体积的改变而改变,仅仅保持在某一恒定值．该磁流体密封结构的密封方法将会有效地解决输送核原料的液下泵中害氟化氢气体泄漏的问题．     

Hydro-physical responses of gypseous and non-gypseous soils to livestock grazing in a semi-arid region of NE Spain

Pasture productivity depends on soil hydro-physical properties, which in turn are deeply affected by livestock grazing. However, the comparative response of different soil types, and particularly gypseous soil types, to grazing has hardly been studied before. This paper compares the effect of grazing on the soil hydro-physical properties of silty gypseous (Gy) and non-gypseous (NGy) soils located in a semi-arid region (Middle Ebro Valley, NE, Spain). Two different soil managements were selected: ungrazed natural shrubland (N) and grazed shrubland (GR) soils. The gypsum, CaCO₃ and organic matter content (OM), soil texture, soil bulk density (ρ_b), penetration resistance (PR), saturated sorptivity (S), hydraulic conductivity (K), and the water retention curve (WRC) for undisturbed soil samples from 1 to 10 cm depth soil layer were measured. The ρ_b and PR in NGy soils were significantly higher than those observed in the Gy ones. Soil compaction due to grazing treatment tended to increase ρ_b and decrease the K and S values. While no differences in PR were observed in the Gy soils between grazing treatments, the PR measured in the NGy soils under GR was significantly higher than the corresponding values observed under N. Differences in K and S between GR and N treatments were only significant (p < 0.05) in NGy soils, where K and S values under the N treatment were almost four times greater than the corresponding values measured under GR. Overall, no differences in the WRCs were observed between soil types and grazing treatments. While the WRCs of NGy soils were not significantly affected by the grazing treatment, Gy soils under N treatment present a significantly higher level of soil macropores than under GR treatment. The hydro-physical features of Gy soils tended to be less affected by grazing than those of the NGy soils. These results suggest that livestock grazing, in both Gy and NGy soils, has a negative effect on the physical soil properties, which should be taken into account by land managers of these semi-arid regions where silty gypseous and non-gypseous areas coexist.