Usefulness and limitations of decision support systems for improving irrigation scheme management

SIMIS (the FAO Scheme Irrigation Management Information System) is a decision support system that integrates tools and performance indicators to facilitate the planning and management of irrigation schemes. The authors used SIMIS to compute performance indicators in an irrigation scheme in Southern Spain that were used to identify distribution system constraints affecting the flexibility of water deliveries and to identify scheme sectors where deliveries could not meet the predicted crop water demands. Applying SIMIS, the authors and the irrigation scheme manager evaluated measures to overcome the constraints for future irrigation campaigns, and to refine the water orders made every 2 weeks to the basin authority. On the other hand, SIMIS presented limitations to the evaluation of on-demand delivery schedules. To overcome these limitations, an external model, developed outside SIMIS, showed that the current distribution network of the scheme has the capacity to deliver water on-demand only if a slight water deficit is accepted during the peak demand period. The analysis showed that by relaxing the stringency of the quality of operation of on-demand systems, rotation systems may be transformed into on-demand systems without changing their structures. This analysis could also be done using Clément's hypothesis, but doing so resulted in overestimates of the quality of operation and of the relative irrigation supply.     

In-season wheat root growth and soil water extraction in the Mediterranean environment of northern Syria

Wheat is the most important cereal crop in the semi-arid eastern Mediterranean region that includes northern Syria. Knowledge of wheat root depth and the vertical distribution during the winter growing season is needed for sound scheduling of irrigation and efficient use of water. This article reports evaluation of root development for three winter-grown bread (Triticum aestivum L.) and durum (Triticum turgidum L.) wheat under four soil water regimes (rainfed and full irrigation with two intermediate levels of 33 and 66% of full irrigation). Roots were sampled by soil coring to a depth of 0.75 m at four occasions during 2005-2006 growing season. Two distinct phases of root development were identified, a rapid downward penetration from emergence to end tillering phase, followed by a substantial root mass growth along the profile from tillering to mid-stem-elongation phase. Roots were detected as deep as 0.75 m during the initial rapid penetration, yet only 29% of the total seasonal root mass was developed. This downward penetration rate averaged 7 mm d⁻¹ and produced 10.8 kg ha⁻¹ d⁻¹ of root dry-biomass. The bulging of root mass from tillering to mid-stem-elongation coincided with vigorous shoot growth, doubling root dry-biomass at a rate of 52 kg ha⁻¹ d⁻¹, compared to the seasonal root growth rate of 18.3 kg ha⁻¹ d⁻¹. A second-degree equation described the total root dry-biomass as a function of days after emergence (r² = 0.85), whereas a simpler equation predicted it as a function of cumulative growing degree days (r² = 0.85). The final grain yield was a strong function of irrigation regimes, varying from 3.0 to 6.5 t ha⁻¹, but showed no correlation with root biomass which remained similar as soil water regimes changed. This observation must be viewed with care as it lacks statistical evidence. Results showed 90% of root mass at first irrigation (15 April) confined in the top 0.60-0.75 m soil in bread wheat. Presence of shallow restricting soil layers limited root depth of durum wheat to 0.45 m, yet total seasonal root mass and grain yield were comparable with non-restricted bread wheat. Most root growth occurred during the cool rainy season and prior to the late irrigation season. The root sampling is short of rigorous, but results complement the limited field data in literature collectively suggesting that irrigation following the rainy season may best be scheduled assuming a well developed root zone as deep as the effective soil depth within the top meter of soil.     

Management trends and responses to water scarcity in an irrigation scheme of Southern Spain

Improvement of irrigation management in areas subjected to periods of water scarcity requires good knowledge of system performance over long time periods. We have conducted a study aimed at characterizing the behaviour of an irrigated area encompassing over 7000 ha in Southern Spain, since its inception in 1991. Detailed cropping pattern and plot water use records allowed the assessment of irrigation scheme performance using a simulation model that computed maximum irrigation requirements for every plot during the first 15 years of system operations. The ratio of irrigation water used to maximum irrigation requirements (Annual Relative Irrigation Supply, ARIS) was well below 1 and oscillated around 0.6 in the 12 years that there were no water supply restrictions in the district. The ARIS values varied among crops, however, from values between 0.2 and 0.3 for sunflower and wheat, to values approaching 1 for cotton and sugar beet. Farmer interviews revealed some of the causes for the low irrigation water usage which were mainly associated with the attempt to balance profitability and stability, and with the lack of incentives to achieve maximum yields in crops subsidized by the Common Agricultural Policy (CAP) of the European Union. The response to water scarcity was also documented through interviews and demonstrated that the change in crop choice is the primary reaction to an anticipated constraint in water supply. Water productivity (value of production divided by the volume of irrigation water delivered; WP) in the district was moderate and highly variable (around 2€ m⁻³) and did not increase with time. Irrigation water productivity (increase in production value due to irrigation divided by irrigation water delivered) was much lower (0.65€ m⁻³) and also, it did not increase with time. The lack of improvement in WP, the low irrigation water usage, and the changes in cropping patterns over the first 15 years of operation indicate that performance trends in irrigated agriculture are determined by a complex mix of technical, economic, and socio-cultural factors, as those that characterized the behaviour of the Genil-Cabra irrigation scheme.     

基于RS的昆明市松花坝水源区土地利用变化分析

松花坝水库是昆明市最大的城市用水供应水源,其水量与水质变化直接关系到昆明市的供水安全,水源保护区土地利用变化是引起松花坝水库水量与水质变化的主要原因.利用1992年的Landsat-TM和2000年的Landsat-ETM 两期遥感影像资料,对松花坝水源保护区土地利用的时空变化进行分析,发现1992～2000年草地、耕地面积明显减少,休闲园地、湿地面积明显增加,森林、建筑用地面积稍有减少,建筑用地与休闲园地集聚程度增加.最后进行了驱动力分析,提出了相应的水源地保护建议.     

涪陵城乡统筹发展路径选择

当前,涪陵区城乡二元结构十分突出,城乡分割现象非常明显。应进一步解放思想,扩大开放,发挥涪陵强劲的工业化、城市化建设基础优势,与时俱进,走创新发展、率先发展、科学发展、和谐发展和城乡一体化之路,缩小城乡差距,推进城乡统筹发展进程。     

苏州太湖滨湿地公园生态建设

文章在分析度假区生态环境基础上,指出了苏州太湖湖滨湿地公园建设目标与原则;在加强湿地生态保育区、物种繁育区、生态展示与游览区、生态控制区和管理服务区建设的同时,应建立湿地生态定位监测站、制定环境污染防治措施和强化湿地生态管理,以期充分发挥湿地的生态、社会和经济效益。     

海拉尔区景观生态类型的特征分析

运用地理信息系统Arcinfo软件,结合野外调查资料,处理了2005年海拉尔区TM遥感数据,时海拉尔区进行景观类型的划分并绘制了海拉尔区景观类型图,选取了5个度量景观结构的定量指标对其景观结构进行了分析。研究结果表明：海拉尔区可划分出5类一级景观类型、11类二级景观类型、20类三级景观类型;一级景观面积大小依次为：草原（43．34％）〉农田（29.22％）〉湿地（18.37％）〉森林（5．37％）〉人工建筑（3．70％）;景观破碎度大小依次为：人工建筑〉湿地〉森林〉草原〉农田景观：森林景观以人工林为主．草原景观以典型草原景观占优势,其中中度和重度退化草原面积占47．79％,连续分布特征明显’农业景观中的大斑块集中分布在典型草原地带．而在草句草原景观中农田呈现小斑块状散布特征．     

Autumn Irrigation Alerted the Geochemistry of Groundwater in Hetao Irrigation District：Take Yichang Irrigation District as an Example北大核心CSCD

【Objective】Surface infiltration could change biogeochemical reactions in groundwater thereby alerting its chemical compositions. The aim of this paper is to investigate the responsive change in chemical composition of groundwater to infiltration following the autumn irrigation in irrigation districts.【Method】The experiment was conducted in Hetao Irrigation District, during which we measured the change in concentration of Na+, K+, Ca2+, Mg2+, SO42-, Cl-, HCO3- and CO32- and then statistically analyzed them.【Result】The irrigation increased the concentration of Cl-, SO42-, KNa, Mg2 and HCO3-, but slightly reduced the concentration of Ca2+. The TDS was higher in south and lower in north of the irrigation district. The Piper diagram showed that the Cl-Na was the dominant groundwater type, accounted for 75% and 61% of the studied area before and after the irrigation respectively. Irrigation turned groundwater in 16.7% of the studied area to Mg-SO4-Cl type. The Gibbs model and ion proportional coefficient diagram revealed that the chemistry of groundwater in the studied region was mediated by evaporation, weathering and leaching of silicate and evaporite, and is independent of precipitation. 【Conclusion】The mean TDS in the groundwater increased by 32.9% after the autumn irrigation, indicating the impact of soil leaching. Improving drainage after the autumn irrigation is hence essential. © 2019 Journal of Irrigation and Drainage. All rights reserved.     

抚州市东乡区蓝莓种植气象条件分析

本文对抚州市东乡区对蓝莓长发育过程中的温度、水汽、光照等气候条件进行了分析,发现东乡区气候条件可以满足蓝莓生长发育的需求,结合蓝莓的种植特点对影响蓝莓生长发育的主要气象灾害进行了总结,包括高温热害、日灼、干热风、干旱、低温冻害、大风,并提出了相应的气象灾害防御措施和气象服务对策,以期为抚州市东乡区蓝莓生产持续发展提供参考。     

两种灌水条件下4种氮源对小麦籽粒淀粉含量及其特性的影响

为明确不同水分条件下氮源类型对小麦籽粒淀粉含量及其特性的影响,以郑麦366(强筋)和百农207(中筋)两个小麦品种为试验材料,分别在全生育期不灌水和灌拔节期+抽穗期2水条件下,研究了4种氮源(硝酸钙、硝酸铵钙、尿素和氯化铵)对小麦籽粒淀粉含量及其特性的影响。结果表明,灌2水条件下,小麦籽粒总淀粉含量、淀粉糊化特性及小淀粉粒占比均高于不灌水处理。灌水和氮源类型对淀粉含量、糊化特性及淀粉粒度分布有交互作用。在不灌水条件下,施用尿素籽粒淀粉含量和支链淀粉含量较高。在灌2水条件下,百农207以硝酸钙处理的淀粉峰值粘度、小淀粉粒表面积和体积占比最高;而郑麦366淀粉峰值粘度和小淀粉粒数量则分别以施用硝酸钙和硝酸铵钙最高。郑麦366在两种水分条件下均以施用硝酸铵钙淀粉失水率最低。品种对水分和氮肥类型的响应存在差异,总体而言,灌2水条件下,施用硝酸钙有利于淀粉糊化特性的改善;不灌水条件下,施用尿素有利于淀粉含量和支/直比提高。