Effects of elevated CO2 concentration on growth and water use efficiency of winter wheat under two soil water regimes

Winter wheat (Triticum aestivum L. cv. Kenong9204) was grown in open top chambers with either ambient or elevated CO₂ concentrations (358 ± 19 μmol mol⁻¹ or 712 ± 22 μmol mol⁻¹, respectively) in well-watered or drought conditions. Although elevated CO₂ did not significantly affect the height of the plants at harvest, it significantly increased the aboveground biomass by 10.1% and the root/shoot ratio by 16.0%. Elevated CO₂ also significantly increased the grain yield (GY) by 6.7% when well-watered and by 10.4% when drought stressed. Specifically, in the well-watered condition, this increase was due to a greater number of ears (8.7% more) and kernels (8.6). In the drought condition, it was only due to a greater number of spikes (17.1% more). In addition, elevated CO₂ also significantly increased the water use efficiency (WUE) of the plants by 9.9% when well-watered and by 13.8% under drought conditions, even though the evapotranspiration (ET) of the plants did not change significantly. Elevated CO₂ also significantly increased the root length in the top half of the soil profile by 35.4% when well-watered and by 44.7% under drought conditions. Finally, elevated CO₂ significantly increased the root water uptake by 52.9% when well-watered and by 10.1% under drought conditions. These results suggest that (1) future increases in atmospheric CO₂ concentration may have a significant effect on wheat production in arid and semiarid areas where wheat cultivation requires upland cropping or deficit irrigation; (2) wheat cultivars can be developed to have more tillers and kernels through selective breeding and field management; and (3) fertilizer and water management in topsoil will become increasingly important as atmospheric CO₂ concentration rises.     

珍禽霉形体抗体检测方法的建立和应用

本试验经培养特性、形态特征、红细胞吸附试验和生长抑制试验等从8株珍禽霉形体中筛选出1株具有代表性的菌株MG—P,将MG—P和标准株MG-S分别建立了HI和Dot-ELISA试验,检测3批120份共 100多种珍禽动物的血清样本,MG—P的阳性检出率为HI 14. 2％（17/20）,Dot—ELISA 16.7％（20/120）,两法阳性符合率为 85％（17/20）;MG—S_6的阳性检出率为HI 9.2％（11/120）,Dot—ELISA16. 7％（20/120）,两法符合率为 55％（11/20）。以MG—P为检测抗原,将 HI、Dot—ELISA和常规血清平板凝集试验（SPA）比较,结果表明HI具有高特异性和敏感性,而Dot—ELISA和SPA具有较高的非特异性,且 SPA试验重复性差。因此以 MG—P建立的HI试验为检测珍禽霉形体血清抗体的最佳方法。     

基于高斯HI颜色算法的大田油菜图像分割

针对自然条件下光照条件变化给大田油菜图像分割带来的问题,该文研究了油菜图像的高斯HI颜色分割算法,为作物生长发育周期的自动识别提供前期准备。已有统计结果表明,在仅保留绿色作物的图像中,不同色调值的像素数量服从高斯分布。该文将去掉背景信息的样本数据从RGB颜色模型转换至HSI颜色模型后,统计各个光强的所有像素对应的色调值,并计算其期望值和方差,依次得出所有强度所对应色调值的期望值和方差,建立出油菜作物色调强度查找表(hue intensity-look up table)。在此基础上,计算每个像素的色调值和期望值之间的差值,若差值小于阈值,则像素被分割为作物,否则为背景。为了在高斯HI颜色分割算法中确定合适的阈值,该研究选取了45幅不同天气状况(晴天、阴天和雨天)不同发育阶段(苗期、三叶期和四叶期)的油菜图像作为样本,探讨阈值的选取与分割结果的关系。结果表明阈值在[2.4,2.6]内分割效果最佳,油菜目标的形状特征完整度最好。为了对图像分割结果进行评价,分别利用高斯HI颜色模型、CIVE(color index of vegetation extraction)、EXG-EXR(excess green-excess red)、EXG(excess green)和VEG(vegetation)算法对15幅不同天气状况的图像进行分割。从视觉效果上来看,高斯HI算法仅需少量样本,即可达到满意分割效果。与其他方法相比,高斯HI颜色分割算法的误分割率(misclassification error,ME)仅为1.8%,相对目标面积误差(relative object area error,RAE)仅为3.6%,均优于其他4种算法的试验结果。在分割结果稳定性上,高斯HI颜色算法表现最好,其ME和RAE值的标准差最低,分别为0.7%和4.5%。试验结果表明,高斯HI颜色算法能取得较好的分割效果,而且对光照条件变化并不敏感,同时,能够充分保留油菜形状特征的完整性,为后期油菜生长发育周期的自动识别提供可靠数据。     

禽流感检测能力比对试验的结果分析

对40份盲样采用琼脂扩散试验（AGP）、血凝抑制试验（HI）和反转录聚合酶链反应（RT-PCR）进行了检测。结果表明,在AGP试验中K1～K4盲样为禽流感抗体阳性,K5为阴性样本。在HI试验中,AJ5、AJ9、AJl3、AJl7、AJ23盲样为禽流感H5亚型抗体阳性;AJ4、AJ6、AJl2、AJl6、AJ2。为H7亚型抗体阳性;AJ2、AJl0、AJl4、AJl9、AJ22为H9亚型抗体阳性;其它盲样为阴性。在RT-PCR检测中,B20”B217、B232、B241盲样被扩增出分子长为229bp和372bp两条特异性的DNA片段,确定为H5亚型禽流感病毒,其它盲样为阴性。     

Response to early generation selection for grain yield and harvest index in bread wheat (T, aestivum L.)

The availability of a reliable selection criterion for the identification of the most productive genotypes in early generations represents a crucial point in many breeding programs. The findings reported in the literature concerning the effectiveness of early generation testing for grain yield (GY) or harvest index (HI) are contradictory. In this work, we measured the response to selection for GY and HI applied in different generations, from F₂ to F₆ in nine segregating populations previously screened in F₂ by means of visual selection. Genetic variability for HI and GY was found in most of the segregating populations. However, GY of spaced plants in F₆ and F₃ generations was weakly correlated with yield of F₄ and successive generations grown at normal seed density. HI was of limited value as an indicator of yield potential.     

抗H9亚型禽流感病毒血凝素单克隆抗体的制备及其生物学特性

以灭活的H9亚型禽流感NJ01病毒株作为抗原,按常规方法免疫BALB/c鼠,最后一次免疫后第3 d取脾细胞与SP2/0细胞进行融合,采用H I进行筛选,检出18个阳性孔,阳性率为4.69%。对其中的3个阳性值较高的孔进行3次克隆,最终获得3株单克隆细胞,分别命名为1E1、2E10和3G2。通过与新城疫病毒、产蛋下降综合征病毒、H5亚型禽流感病毒进行H I试验,证明1E1、2E10和3G2分泌的抗体具有特异性。经连续1个月的体外培养和两次冻存复苏仍能稳定地分泌抗H9亚型禽流感H I抗体,3株杂交瘤细胞分泌的单克隆抗体均为IgG1,杂交瘤细胞的染色体数目为92~108条,平均97条。杂交瘤细胞培养上清和腹水对H9亚型禽流感病毒的H I值分别为25~28和212~214,PD50分别10-2~10-1.67和10-4~10-3.33。单克隆抗体的制备为禽流感的快速诊断、预警预报和病毒的抗原性分析等奠定了基础。     

Use of fermented milling by-products as functional ingredient to develop a low-glycaemic index bread

Selected Lactobacillus plantarum DSM 32248 and Lactobacillus rossiae DSM 32249, isolated and identified from wheat germ, were used to ferment a milling by-products mixture. Lactic acid bacteria metabolisms improved the functional properties of wheat bran and germ, which are considered important sources of functional compounds. Wheat breads were manufactured using 15% (w/w) of fermented (and unfermented) milling by-products, and compared to baker’s yeast wheat bread manufactured without the addition of milling by-products. The use of the fermented ingredient improved the biochemical, functional, nutritional, textural, and sensory features of wheat bread, showing better performances compared to the solely use of wheat flour. Protein digestibility, nutritional indexes, and the rate of starch hydrolysis markedly improved using fermented milling by-products as ingredient. Enriched bread was also characterized by high content of dietary fibre and low glycaemic index determined in vivo.This study exploited the potential of fermented milling by products as functional ingredient. According to the Regulations the bread made under this study conditions can be defined as “high fibre content” and “low glycaemic index”. A number of advantages encouraged the manufacture of novel and healthy and functional leavened baked goods.     

不同佐剂的新城疫疫苗免疫效果的研究

为评价不同佐剂的新城疫(newcastle disease,ND)灭活疫苗对鸡的免疫效果,选用铝胶佐剂、国产油佐剂及进口油佐剂与新城疫病毒抗原混合制成疫苗,免疫雏鸡,探讨不同佐剂的疫苗对鸡的安全性、新城疫的HI抗体水平及攻毒保护率。结果表明,3种佐剂的疫苗注射部位无不良反应;28天时HI抗体分别为28.2、28.5和28.8;56天时HI抗体分别为27.4、28.8和29.2,攻毒后的保护率分别为90%、100%和100%,铝胶佐剂、国产油佐剂、进口油佐剂配制的新城疫灭活疫苗以及对照组攻毒后肛棉拭子NDV阳性率分别为10%、0、0及100%。用进口油佐剂配制的疫苗可刺激接种动物产生快速免疫应答反应,抗体产生的效价高、维持的时间长,其效果优于其它佐剂,有望成为ND灭活疫苗的候选佐剂。     

H9亚型禽流感病毒血凝素单克隆抗体制备及鉴定

[目的]制备H9亚型禽流感病毒(AIV)血凝素(HA)单克隆抗体,为检测诊断AIV提供技术支持.[方法]以灭活H9亚型AIV广西分离株为免疫原,免疫6~8周BALB/c雌性小鼠,然后取其脾细胞与Sp2/0骨髓瘤细胞进行细胞融合,经血凝抑制试验(HI)及间接免疫荧光试验(IFA)筛选H9亚型AIV血凝素单克隆抗体的杂交瘤细胞.[结果]经过4次亚克隆,获得3株稳定的H9单克隆抗体杂交瘤细胞株,分别命名为8A4、1B11和7F1细胞株,其细胞株培养上清液HI效价为27~210,腹水HI效价为216~219;单克隆抗体亚类鉴定结果表明,3株H9单克隆抗体均属于IgG1亚类,其轻链均为K链.3株H9单克隆抗体只与H9亚型AIV发生特异性HI反应,而与其他HA亚型AIV及新城疫病毒(NDV)、减蛋综合症病毒(EDS)、传染性支气管炎病毒(IBV)无交叉反应.3株H9单克隆抗体细胞株的抗体分泌能力稳定性良好.[结论]用灭活H9亚型AIV为免疫原能成功制备针对H9亚型AIV血凝素的单克隆抗体,且具有良好的亚型广谱性和特异性.     

鸡新城疫HI抗体水平及带毒状况调查

对2007年3月～2008年5月泰安及周边地区鸡群新城疫抗体水平检测结果进行了统计分析,统计结果显示:抗体效价超过正常免疫水平且离散度较大,疑似新城疫野毒感染的鸡群较多.其中肉仔鸡(或麻鸡)群、育成蛋鸡群分别为12.3%、21.5%,而产蛋鸡群高达51.2%.采用接种鸡胚分离病毒和间接免疫荧光试验验证HI试验检测结果的判定,探讨鸡群的带毒状况.调查结果表明,目前鲁中地区各种鸡群的新城疫感染带毒状况较为严重,高比例带毒鸡群的存在是我国控制新城疫的最大难题.