驱动圆盘犁的研究与设计

驱动圆盘犁对土堡侧面和底部的土壤进行旋转滑切,将土垡底部的土壤由沟底撕裂开形成土垡,并利用圆盘的旋转将土垡抬升并翻转.为此,以研究驱动圆盘犁为目标,分析了驱动圆盘犁各几何参数和工作参数对其工作过程的影响,为驱动圆盘犁的研制提供了可靠的理论依据.通过理论分析,阐明了驱动圆盘犁的运动学特性,推导了残耕高度的计算公式.     

PLC及变频调速恒压喷灌系统的设计

针对喷灌系统受作业区域需水量的影响造成系统喷头不能稳定可靠工作的问题,结合工程实例,提出了利用PLC及变频器来实现温室喷灌系统恒压供水.给出了变频调速恒压供水系统原理图,并进行了系统的主电路设计和软件设计.阐述了利用上位机、PIC、变频器、压力变送器、电机-水泵系统等组成的恒压供水系统,能按照设定的工作压力,实时切换泵组投入工频或变频状态运行,达到恒压供水的目的.系统能通过上位机实现下位机的控制参数的设定、系统的实时监测、数据管理等任务,自动化程度高.应用表明,系统实现简单,操作方便,运行稳定,可靠,且具有较好的节能效果.     

重庆市主要农产品供给能力分析

根据《重庆统计年鉴》数据,选取粮食、蔬菜、油料、猪肉和水产品等5个指标,利用相关农业、经济社会统计数据和盈余度计算方法,对重庆市主要农产品供给能力进行分析。结果表明:2003~2012年,重庆市粮食、蔬菜和猪肉产品的供给能力处于稳定的状态,水产品的供给能力有一定程度的下降,油料产品缺口不断扩大;5大功能区之间的盈余情况在结构和空间布局上都存在较大差异。为保障农产品供给,需要继续加大力度支持农业生产。     

Drop size dependence of soil-water contact angle in relation to the droplet geometry and line tension

The soil-water contact angle is used as a measure of the surface hydrophobicity of soils. The contact angle for particular solid–liquid combination is considered to vary with the drop size. In this paper, we focused on examining the drop size dependence of contact angle on soil surfaces compared with homogeneous solid surfaces, and determining its relation to the droplet geometry and line tension. The contact angle estimated using geometric parameters of the droplets (θ _G) showed decreasing trend with increasing drop size from 5 to 50?µL irrespective of the deformations in the droplet shape in larger drops. This was considered to be a result of the corresponding deviations of the geometric parameters of the droplets. The directly measured contact angle (θ _A) first decreased and then increased with increasing drop size from 5 to 50?µL. The drop size at lowest θ _A for hydrophobized silica sand with 1?g?kg^–1 stearic acid (SA) and the acryl surfaces was 20?µL, whereas that for hydrophobized silica sand with 5?g?kg^–1 SA and siliconed paper was 30?µL. The decrease in θ _A with increasing drop size was explained as a result of the line tension effect using the modified Young's equation. Despite the surface heterogeneity, all the surfaces tested in this study showed positive line tensions on the order of 10?µJ?m^–1. Irrespective of the heterogeneity of the surfaces, the θ _A in this experiment agreed with the modified Young's equation for drop sizes up to about 20–30?µL, where the θ _A and θ _G were also in good agreement. Drop size dependence of contact angle was independent of the level of surface hydrophobicity. The θ _A on all the examined surfaces started to increase with increasing drop size when the deformation index, I _d, exceeded 5%, where the wetting radius, R exceeded the capillary length. The increase in θ _A with increasing drop size was attributed to the deformations of water drops due to the effect of gravity.     

人工柠条林地土壤水分补给和消耗动态变化规律

黄土高原地区水资源缺乏，水资源，特别是土壤水资源的适度开发和合理利用势在必行。在黄土丘陵半干旱区的上黄生态试验站对多年生人工柠条林林冠截留，地表径流，土壤水分和植物生长等进行了定位观测，对林地土壤水分补给和消耗动态变化规律进行分析。结果表明，人工柠条林次降雨林冠截留随降水量增加而逐渐增加，地表径流与林外降雨量为直线关系。影响土壤水分补给的主要因素为天然降水，其次为林冠截留。土壤水分补给量与降雨量为线性关系；降水对土壤水分的影响程度随深度的增加而减弱，土壤水分最大入渗深度为170～270cm。偏早年随着柠条林生长并进入速生期，柠条林地耗水量加大，土壤早化加剧。丰水年土壤补给量剧增，但柠条林依然生长不良，储存在土壤中的水分只能等到来年被植物吸收利用。     

基于SD变化环境下农业水资源供需平衡模拟

为了探讨变化环境对农业水资源供需平衡的影响,运用系统动力学软件Vensim-Dss建立了农业水资源供需平衡的系统动力学模型,综合考虑社会经济发展和气候变化情景,仿真模拟了变化环境下农业供、需水量及缺水量的变化情况.石羊河流域模拟结果表明:未来农业供水量和需水量受气候变化的影响程度不同,但 2033年以后,农业供水量在不同气候变化情景下的变化趋势相同;不同行政区农业水资源系统对气候变化的响应存在明显差异,金昌市A2气候情境缺水率大于B2情景,在2029年、2038年缺水率分别达到32.0%,28.6%, B2情境下,2021年开始出现轻度缺水,中度缺水年仅出现在2023年和2039年,缺水率分别为30.7%,30.5%;武威市A2气候情境下缺水率小于B2情景,仅2038年为中度缺水,缺水率为24.9%,B2气候情景中度缺水年较多,2023年缺水率最大,达到33.2%.研究结果可以对变化环境下区域用水规划和农业发展规划提供指导.     

一些重要作物拟茎点霉属病原生物学及致病机制研究概况

拟茎点霉属(Phomopsis)是腔孢纲球壳孢科真菌中的一个大属,含有100多个不同的种,可寄生于70多种不同科的植物。该属病原菌地域分布广泛,引起植物的叶枯、枝枯、烂茎、溃疡及果腐等严重病害,造成重大的经济损失。综述了一些主要作物的拟茎点霉属真菌病害在发生特点、致病症状及特性、生活周期循环、病害生化防控及病菌生物学特性等方面的研究进展,并展望了其今后研究热点及发展趋势,认为今后应加强从组织细胞学和分子生物学方面明确其致病机制,鉴定该属的致病特异性,并构建抗病分子育种技术体系等为病害安全、高效防控提供基因基础。     

Vehicle Lateral Stability Control Based on Sliding Model Control

In view of the vehicle cornering or path changing under ultimate handling maneuver, a 3-DOF nonlinear vehicle dynamics model which takes the vehicle lateral velocity, yaw rate and body roll angle as the State variables is presented. Based on the dynamic analysis, the method which using additional yaw moment produced by different longitudinal braking force among each wheels to improving vehicle handling stability in emergency situations is discussed. Considering the sideslip angle as one of the vehicle state variables is difficult to measuring, the sideslip angle estimation based on vehicle dynamic model and kinematics is designed. And then, based on the theory of siding model control, the combining sliding model control system is founded, which taking the vehicle yaw rate and body side-slip angle errors between the estimated and the real as the input variables, and taking the braking torque and the steering angle as control aims. The simulation results indicate that the control method can effectively improve the vehicle lateral handling stability.     

梭锥管混浊流体分离装置倾角优化数值模拟研究

为了研究锥圈倾角和下锥管倾角对梭锥管内水沙分离效果的影响,在数值模拟计算结果与PIV测试结果一致基础之上,建立了5个不同锥圈倾角和7个不同下锥管倾角的梭锥管模型,采用层流方程和简化的多相流Mixture模型通过数值模拟计算了浑水含沙浓度为5kg/m3时各个梭锥管内部的泥沙浓度和速度场,详细对比分析了不同倾角下梭锥管内的速度场和浓度分布特性。结果表明,在上锥管结构尺寸、锥圈间距不变的条件下,锥圈倾角β与下锥管倾角γ相等且等于45°时,梭锥管水沙分离效果最好,在该角度下锥圈上表面泥沙滑动至排沙通道所需要的时间最短,梭锥管水沙分离效率最高。     

气吹供种滚筒式播种机取种性能的试验研究

针对现有番茄穴盘育苗播种机空穴率多、单粒率少,难以满足尺寸小、外形不规整、流动性差的加工番茄种子"一穴一粒"精量播种技术要求的规状,创新设计了一种基于气吹供种方式的滚筒式番茄育苗播种机。以此为基础搭建了基于气吹供种方式的滚筒式育苗播种试验装置,并以单粒率、空穴率、多粒率为试验评价指标,试验探究了主要因素(种箱气室正压力、孔径、滚筒转速)对主要评价指标的影响规律。试验结果表明:影响取种性能质量指标的主次关系依次为种箱气室正压力、孔径、滚筒转速;影响取种性能质量指标最优组合:当种箱气室正压力为2k Pa、孔径为1.2mm、转速为14r/min时取种综合效果效果较理想。