2000年茶业展望

茶是世界上消费量仅次于水的一种饮料。本文从宏观角度分析了世界茶叶生产和茶叶科学的现状,并对２０００年进行展望。全文分茶叶生产、育种、茶园管理、病虫防治、茶叶加工、茶与人体健康六个部分对此进行了讨论。     

Wear of spring tine cultivator points in sandy loam and light clay soils in southern Poland

Correct evaluation and forecasting of durability of soil cutting parts are the decisive factors for proper operation of agricultural machinery. During operation of cultivators, over two-fold difference in wear of cultivator points is observed, which makes establishing of their exchange periods extremely difficult. So, there is a need to conduct some research aimed for determination of relationship between arrangement of the points in individual cultivator rows and their wear. The presented experiments were performed under authentic farm conditions during spring soil loosening and levelling operations before sowing and planting, in sandy loam and light clay soils. Changes in length and thickness of the spring tine points, wear patterns and weight loss were measured. Loss in length of spring tine points was described by a complex function of the distance travelled or by an exponential function of the distance from the measuring point to the symmetry axis of a spring tine point; loss in thickness was described by a linear function. It was found that soil type, as well as arrangement of the points in individual cultivator rows and their position in relation to the tractor wheel track, significantly influenced their wear. It was also observed that wear of spring tine points was 40–100% higher in the sandy loam soil than in the light clay soil, and that wear within a tractor wheel track was 17–40% higher than outside the track. Moreover, wear of points positioned in the first row on the cultivator frame was 26–100% higher than wear of those in the third row. The research results emphasise the need for field experiments at compare wear of spring tine points made of different materials or of different designs to take into account differences in wear due to positioning of the points on cultivator frames.     

SOYGRO模型在大豆产量预测中的应用

本文概括地介绍了美国《农业技术推广决策支持系统（ＤＳＳＡＴ）》中模拟大豆生长,产量预测的大豆子模型（ＳＯＹＧＲＯ）及其应用。作者采集了ＫＡＮＳＡＳ州四个地区,７个年份,１２个品种的田间试验数据,早,晚２个播期,这,窄２种行距,共计１１０个组合。气象数据为：日最高,最低温度,降雨量和日照,及土壤剖面参数,通过ＤＳＳＡＴ３．０软件的子模块ＳＯＹＧＲＯ对大豆的产量和成熟期进行预测。结论是：利用ＳＯＹＧＲ     

不同杀菌剂对莲藕腐败病菌的室内毒力测定及田间防治效果

人工室内接种筛选出F1和F2两个莲藕腐败病菌强致病性菌株。应用菌丝体生长速率法,测定了生产中防治莲藕腐败病常用化学农药对F1和F2的室内毒力。测定结果表明,供试药剂对该病原菌菌丝生长的抑制作用存在较大的差异,其中以硫磺多菌灵的效果最好,对2个供试菌株的EC50分别为11.22μg/mL和12.30μg/mL;其次为甲基硫菌灵,对2个菌株的EC50分别为46.06μg/mL和11.32μg/mL;腐霉利的效果最差,对2个菌株的毒力分别为303.09μg/mL和426.12μg/mL。应用室内抑菌效果较好的硫磺多菌灵和甲基硫菌灵对腐败病严重发生的藕田进行病害防治,结果显示,2种药剂对病情的发展具有一定的控制作用。     

Effect of plastic mulch on water flow and herbicide transport in soil cultivated with pineapple crop: A modeling study

In Hawaii, pineapple is typically grown in raised beds covered with impervious plastic mulch. Field measurements of a commonly used herbicide (bromacil) mass beneath mulch-covered pineapple beds and inter-bed open areas revealed that open areas contained a mass of bromacil about 3.5 times greater than was originally applied, based on label instructions, to the entire field. The broadcast bromacil ended up in the inter-bed open areas through water runoff from the plastic mulch covering the pineapple beds. The objective of this study was to evaluate the impact of surficial management on water dynamics and bromacil concentration in the soil on a pineapple plantation using the one- (1D) and two-dimensional (2D) flow and transport models. Flow and transport processes were simulated in a 2D vertical cross-section perpendicular to the plant rows. The 1D simulation was limited to the open inter-bed areas. Several simulation scenarios were proposed to evaluate the effect of plastic mulch on bromacil transport in soil. In our simplified approach, the water and solute boundary fluxes for the non-covered areas were increased to simulate the water and solute contribution from the plastic mulch surface. The simulation results were compared with field observations of soil water potentials and resident bromacil concentration profiles. The field and laboratory-measured hydraulic and transport parameters were used for all simulation scenarios. Reasonably good agreement between the model-predicted and observed soil water potentials and bromacil concentration profiles was obtained. Biased 1D and 2D results were predicted when the water runoff from plastic mulch was neglected. The 1D approach to quantify bromacil transport beneath the inter-bed open areas seemed to be sufficient in case the water runoff from the mulch was taken into account.     

青稞根腐病防治药剂筛选研究

青稞根腐病在藏区发生日趋频繁、严重,不仅导致青稞大量减产,且对其品质影响颇大。为筛出安全高效的藏区青稞根腐病防治药剂,以藏青2000为指示品种,选取11种常用根腐病防治药剂对其种子拌种或浸种处理进行田间防效试验,田间调查各处理物候期、成株根腐病发病率、防效、农艺性状和折合产量,并基于青稞根腐病发病率、千粒重与折合产量进行Topsis综合评价。结果发现,采用31.9%戊唑·吡虫啉悬浮种衣剂拌种处理(4.8 mL加水200 mL拌种1.6 kg,堆闷24 h)后播种,综合评价最优(Topsis统计量最大,为0.872 726),且植株综合农艺性状优良,根腐病发病率仅4.23%,防效达39.10%,青稞折合产量为2 165 kg/hm2,可考虑在藏区青稞生产中田间防治青稞根腐病时推广使用。     

The heterogeneous distribution of α-amylase and endoxylanase activity over a population of preharvest sprouted wheat kernels and their localization in individual kernels

To develop targeted approaches to improve the quality of preharvest sprouted (PHS) wheat as a raw material for food manufacturing, knowledge on the nature and distribution of hydrolytic enzymes in PHS wheat is crucial. Results of the present study indicate that α-amylase and endoxylanase activities are heterogeneously distributed among a population of PHS kernel. Within individual severely sprouted kernels, the enzyme activities are heterogeneously distributed throughout the different tissues. α-Amylase activity, almost exclusively of endogenous nature, is mainly detected in the germ region and to a lesser extent in the aleurone layer. Endoxylanase activity is predominantly of microbial origin and located on the kernel surface. In spite of this, light and epifluorescence microscopy show decreased kernel integrity and cell wall breakdown in the crushed cells layer, the endosperm, and the aleurone layer in a selection of kernels upon preharvest sprouting. This knowledge offers opportunities for the development of treatments to reduce the enzyme load in PHS wheat at postharvest level to improve its flour quality.     

普光气田高含硫腐蚀缺陷输气管道安全评价

普光气田是中国特大型高含硫酸性气田,随着气田不断开采,集输工艺管道腐蚀问题日益突出。对普光气田高含硫输气管道所用L360管线钢开展应力-应变参数测试试验,采用Solid186单元对含缺陷腐蚀管道进行建模,基于非线性有限元隐式积分算法与塑性失效准则,分析了腐蚀缺陷参数对高含硫输气管道极限承载能力的影响规律,并通过静水压爆破试验,验证了模型的准确性。结果表明:腐蚀缺陷对高含硫输气管道强度的影响主要表现为局部应力集中;缺陷深度系数对高含硫输气管道极限承载能力影响最大,缺陷长度系数影响次之,缺陷宽度系数影响最小。研究成果为普光气田高含硫输气管道剩余强度评价提供了理论依据。     

烤烟田间生长过程中叶片主要品质指数的变化

对田间状况下烤烟下、中、上3个部位叶片生长发育过程中主要品质指数的变化进行了分析。结果表明:在烤烟田间生长发育过程中,随着烟叶部位的上升,叶片中氮/碱比值表现为“V”型变化;叶片还原糖/总糖比值表现为逐渐升高的变化规律;叶片钾/氯比值表现为“∧”型变化;不同烟叶部位之间氮/碱、还原糖/总糖、钾/氯比值的差异均不显著。随着叶龄的增大,叶片氮/碱比值呈现出下降并趋于稳定的变化规律,叶片还原糖/总糖比值和叶片钾/氯比值的变化无明显规律;不同叶龄之间氮/碱比值的差异极显著,而叶片还原糖/总糖比值、叶片钾/氯比值的差异均不显著。相关分析表明,叶龄与叶片氮/碱比值之间呈极显著负相关,而与叶片还原糖/总糖比值、叶片钾/氯比值之间呈不显著正相关;烟叶中钾/氯比值与氮/碱比值、还原糖/总糖比值之间相关性不显著,还原糖/总糖比值与氮/碱比值之间相关性也不显著。     

花生等农作物耐湿涝性研究进展

湿涝危害是世界湿润地区、半干旱地区农作物生产中的一个严重问题.一些农作物的湿涝研究已取得一定进展,但有关花生湿涝的研究有待拓宽和深化.为此,从湿涝对花生等作物的影响、作物耐湿涝机制以及作物耐湿涝的遗传改良等方面,综述了世界花生及其它农作物的耐湿涝性研究进展.