直线-共轭内啮合齿轮泵的设计方法

以直线-共轭内啮合齿轮副为研究对象,对直线-共轭内啮合齿轮副的啮合特性进行了系统研究,得到了直线-共轭内啮合齿轮泵转子的较完整的设计方法.介绍了这种泵的工作原理,并综合齿轮及齿轮泵的设计计算方法,分析了直线-共轭内啮合齿形的基本参数和计算公式,给出了基本参数的选取和计算方法,推导了流量计算方程;利用平面啮合定理(Willis定理)和齿廓设计基本方法,分别得到了内、外齿轮的齿廓曲线方程.通过实例,求得其基本参数及齿廓曲线方程,并绘制出直线-共轭齿轮泵转子的图形,验证了基本参数和计算公式的合理性及齿廓曲线方程的正确性.     

Nitrogen fertilizer–induced mineralization of soil organic C and N in six contrasting soils of Bangladesh

A 90‐day laboratory incubation study was carried out using six contrasting subtropical soils (calcareous, peat, saline, noncalcareous, terrace, and acid sulfate) from Bangladesh. A control treatment without nitrogen (N) application was compared with treatments where urea, ammonium sulfate (AS), and ammonium nitrate (AN) were applied at a rate of 100 mg N (kg soil)^–1. To study the effect of N fertilizers on soil carbon (C) turnover, the CO₂‐C flux was determined at nine sampling dates during the incubation, and the total loss of soil carbon (TC) was calculated. Nitrogen turnover was characterized by measuring net nitrogen mineralization (NNM) and net nitrification (NN). Simple and stepwise multiple regressions were calculated between CO₂‐C flux, TC, NNM, and NN on the one hand and selected soil properties (organic C, total N, C : N ratio, CEC, pH, clay and sand content) on the other hand. In general, CO₂‐C fluxes were clearly higher during the first 2 weeks of the incubation compared to the later phases. Soils with high pH and/or indigenous C displayed the highest CO₂‐C flux. However, soils having low C levels (i.e., calcareous and terrace soils) displayed a large relative TC loss (up to 22.3%) and the added N–induced TC loss from these soils reached a maximum of 10.6%. Loss of TC differed depending on the N treatments (urea > AS > AN >> control). Significantly higher NNM was found in the acidic soils (terrace and acid sulfate). On average, NNM after urea application was higher than for AS and AN (80.3 vs. 71.9 and 70.9 N (kg soil)^–1, respectively). However, specific interactions between N‐fertilizer form and soil type have to be taken into consideration. High pH soils displayed larger NN (75.9–98.1 mg N (kg soil)^–1) than low pH soils. Averaged over the six soils, NN after application of urea and AS (83.3 and 82.2 mg N (kg soil)^–1, respectively) was significantly higher than after application of AN (60.6 mg N (kg soil)^–1). Significant relationships were found between total CO₂ flux and certain soil properties (organic C, total N, CEC, clay and sand content). The most important soil property for NNM as well as NN was soil pH, showing a correlation coefficient of –0.33** and 0.45***, respectively. The results indicate that application of urea to acidic soils and AS to high‐pH soils could be an effective measure to improve the availability of added N for crop uptake.     

流域尺度土壤厚度的模糊聚类与预测制图研究

基于土壤厚度与景观位置和特征之间的关系,运用模糊c均值聚类(FCM)方法对西苕溪流域的土壤厚度分布进行了空间预测。选取高程、坡度、平面曲率、剖面曲率、径流强度系数和地形湿度指数6个地形因子进行模糊聚类,根据相应的聚类参数将流域地形组合分为8类。利用部分调查获得的土壤剖面数据,结合样点属性和专家经验为典型区赋值,最后由加权平均得到流域土壤厚度预测图。验证结果表明,FCM方法可以对地形因子组合进行有效合理的分级,其预测精度较高,模型的稳定性较好,是一种低成本高效率的制图方法。该方法在土壤厚度预测方面具有一定的可靠性。     

基于高分三号卫星数据与Η/Α/α-分解特征参数的农作物分类研究

利用高分三号(GF-3)卫星的全极化C波段多极化合成孔径雷达数据,基于Η/Α/ \stackrel{-}{\alpha }极化分解提取香农熵(SE)及其强度分量(SE_I)和极化分量(SE_P)、单次反射特征值相对差异度(SERD)、二次反射特征值相对差异度(DERD)、极化比(PF)、基准高度(PH)、极化不对称性(PA)和雷达植被指数(RVI)共9个特征参数,将其应用于农作物分类研究中,以支持向量机(SVM)和随机森林(RF)算法为例,初步探索了基于Η/Α/ \stackrel{-}{\alpha }分解提取的这9个特征参数在GF-3数据支持下的农作物分类潜力。结果显示:单独将SERD、PH、PF、RVI和SE_P参数用于2种分类方法时,分类精度较高,在82%~92%;但单独运用PA、DERD、SE和SE_I的分类精度均低于80%。将分类精度较低的4个参数组合后,分类精度明显提高,在SVM和RF下的总体分类精度分别达到93.02%和92.05%,Kappa系数均大于0.8。结果表明,基于全极化GF-3数据和Η/Α/ \stackrel{-}{\alpha }极化分解方法提取的9个特征参数,能很好地表征农作物的散射特征,可用于农作物分类研究。     

氮素用量对设施韭菜气体交换及叶绿素荧光参数的影响

【目的】研究不同氮素用量对设施韭菜气体交换及叶绿素荧光参数的影响。【方法】以1年生韭菜作为材料,通过U₁(CK,0)、U₂9.2 kg/(667m²·y)、U₃18.4 kg/(667m²·y)、U₄27.6 kg/(667m²·y)、U₅36.8 kg/(667m²·y)、U₆46.0 kg/(667m²·y)、U₇55.2 kg/(667m²·y)、U₈64.4 kg/(667m²·y)8个处理,测定气体交换参数(净光合速率、胞间CO₂浓度、蒸腾速率、气孔导度)、叶绿素荧光动力学参数(光下稳态荧光、电子传递速率、光适应下PSII反应中心激发能捕获效率、CO₂同化的量子效率、非光化学淬灭系数和光化学淬灭系数)。【结果】韭菜叶片气体交换及叶绿素荧光动力学参数均随着氮素浓度的增加均表现出先增加后减少的趋势,光合参数的最施氮素用量为13.40~33.73 kg/(667m²·y),叶绿素荧光参数的最施氮素用量在27.72~40.76 kg/(667m²·y)。【结论】综合光合参数与叶绿素荧光参数,宁夏地区设施韭菜氮素用量为27.72~33.73 kg/(667m²·y)(即尿素施用量为60.25~73.33 kg/(667m²·y)。     

温度对管囊酵母乙醇产量及动力学参数的影响

在２０～４０℃条件下对管囊酵母进行了培养,研究其生物量、乙醇产量、残糖量等指标随温度变化的消长趋势,以及在不同温度下在对数生长期各项动力学参数的变化。该菌株的最适培养温度为２８～３２℃,在这一范围内,比生长速率、比乙醇产率和木糖比消耗速率分别达到最高值：０．１９／ｈ、４．３ｇ／（ｇ·ｈ）和２８．０ｇ／（ｇ·ｈ）。     

景观要素的分维数与其形状参数的二元线性回归模型

利用方格网法研究了景观要素的分线数（FD）与其形状参数的关系,并建立了分维数（FD）与长宽比（L／W）和面积周长比（A／P）的线性回归模型,讨论了该模型的景观生态学意义。     

自然植被净第一性生产力模型的改进

在Miami模型和Thornthwaite模型的基础上，采用直接搜索法改进了自然植被净第一性生产力模型，该模型优于Miami模型和Thornthwaite模型，便于估算自然植被的净第一性生产力，为合理利用气候资源，充分发挥气候生产潜力，最大限度地提高植物的产量提供了理论依据。     

铣削参数对毛竹表面粗糙度影响的研究

通过对毛竹(Phyllostachys pubescens)的铣削实验,研究刀具前角、铣削深度、每齿进给量对其径向铣削表面粗糙度的影响.结果表明:随刀具前角的增大,铣削表面粗糙度各项指标中,轮廓高度方向指标Ra、Rz、厨均有所增大,但增幅不明显;而轮廓峰谷间距有所下降.铣削深度对表面粗糙度各参数并无明显影响.每齿进给量Uz对铣削表面粗糙度高度方向指标影响不明显,Sm值与Uz呈良好的正相关关系.     

松香枞酸结构和性质的理论研究

采用从头算Hartree-Fock和密度泛函DFT方法对松香枞酸分子的几何构型进行理论计算,按最低能量原理确定其最稳定的构型.对该稳定构型的结构参数与文献报道的理论计算值和试验测定值进行分析比较,发现3种理论方法中DFT-B3LYP算法更加精确,与实际测量值的误差更小,更加适合用于对此类化合物的分析与预测.同时用B3LYP泛函在6-31+G**机组水平对松香的几种主要树脂酸进行能量分析,预测其稳定性并得到相应的热力学参数.结果表明:计算化学方法也是科学研究的一种有用工具,精确的理论计算能够获得实验室难于得到的重要的化学与物理信息,理论计算也可作为研究该类体系的一种新方法.