基于APSIM的旱地小麦叶面积指数模拟模型构建

为了解旱地小麦叶片生长规律,建立基于APSIM的小麦叶面积潜在生长率模型和叶面积水、氮协同生长率模型,并在田间试验修订参数的基础上,连接到APSIM平台,模拟小麦叶面积指数动态变化过程,采用相关性分析方法定量分析小麦叶面积指数的变化规律。结果表明：基于APSIM的小麦叶面积潜在生长率模型和叶面积水、氮协同生长率模型对旱地小麦生长指标LAI的模拟有较高精度。小麦全生育期内叶面积指数模拟值与实测值呈显著正相关,相关系数(R)为0.996,归一化均方根误差(NRMSE)范围在3.08%～9.38%,模型有效性指数(M_E)为0.594～0.956,均大于0.5。     

基于DEM-CFD耦合的气吸式酸枣捡拾装置的优化设计

针对目前酸枣的收获主要依赖人工的问题,研究一种气吸式酸枣捡拾机械装置。分析酸枣的物理特性,计算酸枣的悬浮速度、流体域压降变化,通过逆向技术、三维图像重建获取酸枣的点云数据,并对酸枣的点云数据进行降噪处理,建立酸枣三维模型。通过Edem-Fluent气固耦合软件对酸枣吸拾过程进行仿真分析,获取管径、流量、酸枣速度、接触力等参数,利用响应面分析对参数进行优化,并研制酸枣捡拾机进行试验。分析表明,流量是影响捡拾效率的主要因素,管径是影响酸枣破损的主要因素,仿真结果和试验表明气吸式酸枣捡拾装置最佳管径0.11 m,最佳流量0.28 m3·s^-1。该装置能降低酸枣采收成本,缩短酸枣采收周期,同时提高捡拾效率。     

干旱区平原水库坝后排水沟对下游农田土壤水盐运移的影响

干旱区平原水库的渗漏会抬高坝后农田地下水位,使土壤发生盐渍化,许多土地因此减产甚至弃耕。坝后设置排水沟是一种有效控制农田地下水位的措施。本研究采用排水沟调控坝后农田的地下水位,并利用HYDRUS模拟出在不同地下水位和深度的条件下土壤含水率与含盐量的变化情况,将实测数据与模拟数据相互对比,检验出模拟值的可靠度。研究结果表明:地下水位通过排水沟从1 m降到3 m,表层含盐量相差1.49～33.19 g·L~(-1),因此排水沟遏制地下水位越深,水盐运移越不明显,次生盐渍化越不容易发生,反之,则容易发生土壤盐渍化;地下水位相同时,土体种植植物可以降低含水率和含盐量,其中含水率最大变化为6.33%,含盐量仅相差0.08～4.56 g·L~(-1)左右,而且随着土层深度增加其影响的程度也逐渐减小。设置排水沟是解决坝后农田土壤盐渍化的较好方式。     

大型薄壳制件真空辅助树脂传递模塑工艺充模方案仿真分析及优化

针对大型树脂基复合材料制件不适于用实验试错法进行充模方案设计的问题,在分析树脂流动规律的基础上将大型薄壳件的求解区域分解,仿真分析了不同充模方案下树脂在纤维中的流动行为和模腔内压力变化,提出在制件填充面积等分处设置流道的方法,选择和优化大型薄壳制件的充模方案。结果表明:①对于不便进行实验试错法进行真空辅助树脂传递模塑(VARTM)工艺充模方案设计的大型薄壳制件,可以采用数值模拟的方式,以达西定律、能量守恒定律等为计算依据,求解压力场和速度场,对比不同仿真方案的充模时间等数据合理安排注胶方式方法,指导VARTM工艺制备大型复合材料制件合理安排注胶方式,提高生产率、减少因树脂浸润不均匀产生的缺陷。②对于大型薄壳类制件,忽略厚度方向尺寸,影响充模时间的主要因素为流道长度和树脂流动距离。选取尽可能长的注胶流道,合理设置流道位置以减少树脂流动的距离;长流道可以增加树脂瞬时注入量、提高较长时间的压力差;而树脂流程越长,树脂前锋处压力损失越大,流速越慢。③试验提出了制件填充面积等分处设置流道的方法。将大型薄壳工艺制件充模面积等分,注胶流道布置在垂直于制件长度方向的面积等分线上,可缩短充模时间并减少制件两端的树脂富集现象。对于较狭长部分可再次进行面积等分设置流道,以免造成树脂流程过长压力流失过多;而对于较宽阔部分不宜设置过多流道以免树脂前锋稳定前互相接触造成制件充模不均匀。     

间作模式下小麦联合收获机清选装置CFD-DEM气固耦合仿真与试验验证

为了提高间作模式下小麦联合收获机清选性能,研究旋风分离筒内流场和颗粒的运动状态,探索分离筒的最佳工作参数组合,运用离散元法和计算流体力学耦合的方法分析了气流与颗粒的相互作用,以喂入速度、吸杂压强、筒体高度、下椎体角度为试验因素对清选过程进行了仿真正交试验,对最佳清选参数组合完成了田间试验验证。结果表明:气流在分离筒内形成内、外旋涡,内漩涡的运动使短茎秆进入吸杂管道,籽粒在外旋涡的作用下滑落到集粮盘;仿真试验的最佳参数组合为喂入速度12 m·s^-1吸杂压强-1 800 Pa、筒体高度350 mm、下椎体的角度65°,得到的清洁率和损失率分别为92.18%和1.99%,与田间试验的误差分别为2.947%和7.428%。     

Quantifying uncertainty in the wild‐caught fisheries goal of the Ocean Health Index

Sustainability indices are proliferating, both to help synthesize scientific understanding and inform policy. However, it remains poorly understood how such indices are affected by underlying assumptions of the data and modelling approaches used to compute indicator values. Here, we focus on one such indicator, the fisheries goal within the Ocean Health Index (OHI), which evaluates the sustainable provision of food from wild fisheries. We quantify uncertainty in the fisheries goal status arising from the (a) approach for estimating missing data (i.e., fish stocks with no status) and (b) reliance on a data‐limited method (catch‐MSY) to estimate stock status (i.e., B/B_MSY). We also compare several other models to estimate B/B_MSY, including an ensemble approach, to determine whether alternative models might reduce uncertainty and bias. We find that the current OHI fisheries goal model results in overly optimistic fisheries goal statuses. Uncertainty and bias can be reduced by (a) using a mean (vs. median) gap‐filling approach to estimate missing stock scores and (b) estimating fisheries status using the central tendency from a simulated distribution of status scores generated by a bootstrap approach that incorporates error in B/B_MSY. This multitiered approach to measure and describe uncertainty improves the transparency and interpretation of the indicator and allows us to better understand uncertainty around our OHI fisheries model and outputs for country‐level interpretation and use.     

基于MATLAB仿真的木材铣削模糊控制系统的研究

利用模糊控制理论设计木材铣削加工在线控制系统。并应用MATLAB软件对该模糊控制系统进行验证和仿真，获得了最佳的控制效果。     

Dynamic Change of Genetic Diversity in Conserved Populations with Different Initial Genetic Architectures

Maintenance and management of genetic diversity of farm animal genetic resources (AnGR) is very important for biological, socioeconomical and cultural significance. The core concern of conservation for farm AnGR is the retention of genetic diversity of conserved populations in a long-term perspective. However, numerous factors may affect evolution of genetic diversity of a conserved population. Among those factors, the genetic architecture of conserved populations is little considered in current conservation strategies. In this study, we investigated the dynamic changes of genetic diversity of conserved populations with two scenarios on initial genetic architectures by computer simulation in which thirty polymorphic microsatellite loci were chosen to represent genetic architecture of the populations with observed heterozygosity (Ho) and expected heterozygosity (He), observed and mean effective number of alleles (Ao and Ae), number of polymorphic loci (NP) and the percentage of polymorphic loci (PP), number of rare alleles (RA) and number of non-rich polymorphic loci (NRP) as the estimates of genetic diversity. The two scenarios on genetic architecture were taken into account, namely, one conserved population with same allele frequency (AS) and another one with actual allele frequency (AA). The results showed that the magnitude of loss of genetic diversity is associated with genetic architecture of initial conserved population, the amplitude of genetic diversity decline in the context AS was more narrow extent than those in context AA, the ranges of decline of Ho and Ao were about 4 and 2 times in AA compared with that in AS, respectively, the occurrence of first monomorphic locus and the time of change of measure NP in scenario AA is 20 generations and 23 generations earlier than that in scenario AS, respectively. Additionally, we found that NRP, a novel measure proposed by our research group, was a proper estimate for monitoring the evolution of genetic diversity in a closed conserved population. Our study suggested that current managements of conserved populations should emphasize on initial genetic architecture in order to make an effective and feasible conservation scheme.     

农艺农机结合是推进山西旱作节水农业现代化进程的突破口

通过分析山西农业机械化现状,指出了山西农业机械化存在的问题,并依据山西耕地类型和干旱气象特征,探讨了山西旱作节水农业对机械装备的需求特点。通过在研究、示范实践中将农艺与农机紧密结合的有益探索,明确了农艺农机结合是推进旱作节水农业现代化进程的突破口。