Temporal variation of total and DTPA-extractable heavy metal contents as influenced by sewage sludge and perlite in a calcareous soil

Continuous application of sewage sludge (SS) as a source of organic matter, may increase available heavy metals (HMs) up to their critical levels. As a consequence their uptake by plants, risks of accumulation in food chain and groundwater pollution increases. To evaluate the effects of perlite and SS on total content and available fraction of iron (Fe), manganese (Mn), lead (Pb), copper (Cu), nickel (Ni), cadmium (Cd) and zinc (Zn) over 45 and 90 days a completely randomized pot experiment was conducted. Treatments consisted of SS (0, 2 and 4%) and combined SS and perlite levels (1:1, 1.5:0.5 and 0.5:1.5% SS:perlite). Mean available Fe, Ni, Cd, Mn and Zn fractions decreased over time by 7–27%, whereas, total contents did not change. Available HMs in SS-treated soils increased by 0.5–25%; whereas, only total Zn, Cu and Pb concentrations increased with SS application (although concentrations fall in the range of critical levels). The lowest (1.6 fold) and highest (22.1 fold) increases obtained for available Cu and Zn, respectively. Perlite could mitigate the adverse effect of high rate application of SS on amplification of HMs extractability. Therefore, their concomitant applications can be suggested considering the perlite durability and its positive effects on soil physical properties.     

赫章土法炼锌区水-沉积物重金属污染的时空变化特征

对赫章土法炼锌区河流水体和沉积物重金属污染状况及时空变化特征进行了研究。结果表明,水体和沉积物受到多种重金属污染：地表水体中Pb、Zn、Cd的均值分别为137.19×10-3、1 919.38×10-3、14.21×10-3 mg.L-1,分别是地表水环境质量标准Ⅲ类水质标准的2.74、1.91、2.84倍;沉积物中Cu、Pb、Zn和Cd的均值分别为702.79、3 242.8、5 427.6、32.19 mg.kg-1,分别是土壤环境质量标准三级标准的1.76、6.49、10.86、32倍。水体和沉积物中Cu、Pb、Zn和Cd沿河流总体呈无规律性的变化,受炼锌废渣堆和铅锌选矿厂影响的地点,水体和沉积物重金属含量均较高,污染严重。近10年来,炼锌区河流水体和沉积物重金属污染仍然很严重,水体重金属污染呈加重特征,沉积物中Pb、Zn污染呈减轻趋势,Cd和Cu污染则加重。     

基于铅稳定同位素的多金属复合污染土壤源解析新思路——以西南地区某矿区农田为例

本文以我国西南某矿区典型多金属复合污染农田土壤为例,基于铅(Pb)稳定同位素分析,结合矿物学分析,对土壤Pb来源进行定量解析,并针对其他重金属来源进行外推。同位素源解析结果表明,人为源对于土壤重金属的贡献率高达61%～89%,矿渣浸沥与矿区道路扬尘为主要的污染途径。矿物学分析能够辅助印证Pb稳定同位素分析结果,在一定程度上克服由于污染源信号重叠造成的源解析困难。通过相关分析,可以将Pb同位素源解析的结果合理外推,在一定程度上解释其他重金属元素的来源。本文提出的源解析新思路能够高效、准确地解析多金属复合污染土壤中重金属元素的来源,尤其适用于我国土壤多金属复合污染集中连片存在、成因复杂的现状,具有很强的现实意义。     

根表功能细菌生物膜及其在土壤有机污染控制与修复中的潜在应用价值

土壤中的有机污染物可从根系进入植物体内,并可进一步通过食物链富集,从而威胁人群健康。植物根际微生物种类繁多、数量巨大,其中很多根际细菌可通过成膜作用在植物根表形成细菌生物膜,协助植物抵抗外界的不良环境或促进植物生长。有机污染物在被植物根系吸收的过程中,多需经过根表细菌生物膜这一特殊界面。综述了根际细菌在植物根表的成膜作用,以及根表功能细菌生物膜对污染物根际环境过程的影响及作用机理,分析了利用根表功能细菌生物膜调控植物吸收有机污染物的可行性,试图为防治土壤有机污染、降低作物污染风险、保障农产品安全等提供理论依据。     

Heavy metals in vegetables and their impact on the nutrient quality of vegetables: A review

Vegetables are vital to the human diet, and in particular provide the well-known nutrients to maintain normal physiological functions. The prolonged application of large amount of fertilizers and pesticides has resulted in heavy metal accumulation in vegetable gardens. Exposure to heavy metals by the consumption of contaminated vegetables and its toxicity is a serious concern. This article reviews the presence of heavy metals in different vegetables, their mechanism of absorption, impact of heavy metals on physiology, and nutrient reduction and associated impact on humans with emphasis on pregnant women based on the existing scientific literature. However, a limited number of studies was found in the data base that examined the reduction of nutrients in the vegetables due to heavy metal contamination. The heavy metals were found in 36 vegetables in 61 regions of the world and were above permissible limits in most of the vegetables. Specific study to human toxicity due to the contamination of heavy metals may be conducted with emphasis on pregnant women, children, and elderly people. Furthermore, strategy and policy should be devised to control the heavy metals in vegetables and those vegetables that are hyper-accumulators of heavy metals should be identified for awareness purposes.     

Soil sensitivity due to acid and heavy metal deposition in East Central Europe

Simultaneous soil acidification and deposition of heavy metals is a major concern for forest and agricultural soils of the Black Triangle region of East Central Europe including southern former East Germany, northern Bohemia of the Czech Republic, and southern Poland. The objective of this project was to develop historical and future projections of acid and heavy metal deposition to soils (As, Cd, Pb, Zn) and to produce a preliminary map of soil sensitivity to cadmium pollution and uptake by crops. Ultimately, we wish to assess the relative hazard and recovery times of soils to metals deposition in the region. Emission and deposition data bases obtained from several models developed at IIASA were linked using the Geographical Information System ARC/INFO to produce soil maps of sensitivity to cadmium mobility based on metals deposition, soil type, soil texture, organic matter content, and acid deposition. RAINS 6.1 (Alcamo et al., 1990) was utilized to produce maps of acid deposition for EMEP grids (150 km x 150 km). The largest amount of acid load is deposited in southern East Germany. Sulfur deposition in that area was 10–12 gS/m²/yr in 1990, and S+N deposition exceeded 8000 eq/ha/yr. But the hot spot for metals deposition is further to the east, in the Silesia area of southern Poland. The TRACE2 trajectory model of Alcamo, Bartnicki, and Olendrzynski (1992) was used to estimate cumulative metals deposition since 1955 with scenarios to 2010. Pb has improved over Europe since 1970 when depositions in the Ruhr River Valley of West Germany exceeded 60 mg/m²/yr. But cadmium deposition in southern Poland (Katowice and Krakow) has now accumulated to 60–70 mg/m² by atmospheric deposition alone. During base case simulations from 1955–87, approximately 1.8 mg/kg Pb and 0.12 mg/kg Cd have been added to the mixed plow-layer of 30 cm. If these emissions continue indefinitely, the accumulation of metals will become problematic for agriculture and the food chain.     

稻田持续处理规模化养殖场废弃物能力及安全性研究

以猪粪和牛粪为试验材料,采用大田试验测试稻田处理养殖场废弃物（粪便）的能力,并对养殖场废弃物（粪便）产生的污染风险进行分析。本季试验是在持续两季高量施用养殖场废弃物（粪便）的基础上进行的,研究结果表明：施用猪粪时,P4（猪粪处理量60000kg／hm。）处理植株干物质重达到最大值,施用牛粪时,植株干物质重一直在增加,但是继续增加的潜力不大;随着粪便处理量的增加土壤氮磷含量、氮磷残留量会明显增加,环境污染的潜在风险增加;对田面水氮磷含量动态变化研究表明,施肥后7d内是控制氮磷流失的关键时期,应当采取有效措施降低环境污染风险。     

铬污染归宿的同位素原位监测法

铬(Cr)污染的迁移和环境毒性主要取决于其化学形态。在环境中,如果移动性及毒性较大的Cr(Ⅵ)能被还原为移动性及毒性较小的Cr(Ⅲ),并且还原速率大于污染速率,那么对铬污染的自然生态修复治理是可行的。铬在氧化还原过程中,存在着同位素动力学分馏效应,致使同位素比率发生移动,移动的大小和反应进程有关,服从Reyleigh关系方程。因此,利用同位素测定可以确定Cr(Ⅵ)的归宿,用于铬(Cr)污染自然修复的监测。本文就环境铬污染自然生态修复中,应用同位素原位分析法进行监测的基本原理、分析过程及应用的可行性进行了阐述。     

不同改良剂对土壤-叶菜系统Cd迁移累积的调控作用

为筛选适合在中轻度镉污染土壤上有效降低叶菜吸收镉的改良剂及用量,采用镉污染菜地土壤进行盆栽试验,研究不同用量的石灰、泥炭和碱渣对小白菜（Brassica chinensis L.）生物量、镉吸收量,土壤pH及有效态镉含量的影响。结果表明,3种改良剂对小白菜生长均无显著的抑制作用;与不施改良剂的处理相比,石灰、泥炭显著抑制小白菜对镉的吸收,地上部镉含量与石灰和泥炭用量均呈显著负相关关系（R=-0.668、-0.785,P〈0.05）,碱渣对小白菜地上部镉含量的影响不显著,但显著增加根系镉含量;改良剂均显著提高土壤pH,但对DTPA-Cd影响不同,石灰显著降低DTPA-Cd,泥炭、碱渣均有增加DTPA-Cd含量的趋势;泥炭对土壤-小白菜系统Cd迁移的调控效果最佳,其最佳用量为20 g.kg-1土,石灰次之,碱渣不适合。     

Salmonella in breeding pigs: Shedding pattern,transmission of infection and the role of environmental contamination in Irish commercial farrow‐to‐finish herds

This study aimed to provide new insights into the epidemiology of Salmonella in pig production, focusing on potential shedding patterns in breeding pigs throughout a full production cycle and the risk of transmission of infection from the sow to her offspring. A longitudinal study was conducted on five farrow‐to‐finish commercial pig farms. In each herd, shedding of Salmonella in faeces was monitored in breeders through service, gestation and lactation. Swabs of the farrowing room floor and pools of faeces from piglets were collected on two occasions during lactation. Environmental pen swabs were also taken in the weaning and finisher houses. Salmonella isolates were serotyped, tested for antimicrobial resistance (AMR) and typed by Multiple‐Locus Variable number tandem repeat Analysis (MLVA). Shedding by breeding pigs was low in all stages of the production cycle; 5% of sows shed at service, the production stage with highest risk of shedding (p < .01), 1.6% shed during gestation and 2.5% after farrowing. Salmonella was detected in 4% of piglet faecal pools in the second week post‐farrowing and 5% in the fourth week. Serotyping and AMR profiles of Salmonella isolates revealed that strains in sows and gilts were mostly different from strains isolated in weaner and finisher facilities. MLVA typing confirmed that the source of infection in piglets was in most instances the contaminated environment rather than their dam. Based on the typing results, it appears that sows do not pose a major risk in the maintenance and transmission of Salmonella to their progeny but instead the contaminated pen environment is more significant in the perpetuation of the organism on farm.