基于系统辨识的多层墙体z-传递函数计算方法

基于系统辨识理论提出了从墙体热传导的理论频率响应计算多层墙体z-传递函数的频域回归方法．首先，在所要关心的频率范围内计算出墙体热传导的理论频率响应；然后求解线性方程组得到墙体内外表面吸热及传热的简单的多项式s-传递函数，该多项式传递函数与双曲型s-传递函数在频率特性上是等价的；最后由多项式s-传递函数计算出墙体的z-传递函数．实例比较验证表明：该方法计算简单快捷，精度高．     

频率域反射仪测定土壤含水量的校正与田间验证

为了获得精确的土壤含水量测定数据,在室内和田间分别进行了频率域反射仪(FDR)测定土壤含水量的校正,并在田间运用土钻取样和烘干法对模型参数进行了验证。结果表明,室内试验获得了较好的模型参数,均方根误差平均达到了0.023 m3/m3,但是应用到田间条件下误差很大,均方根误差平均为0.066 m3/m3;田间条件下也间接获得了较好的模型参数,均方根误差的平均值为0.026 m3/m3,应用于田间时测定含水量的精确度较高,均方根误差的平均值为0.026 m3/m3。因此,对于构成复杂的城市或园林土壤,在不挖剖面或土钻取样破坏土壤的前提下,建议采用田间间接法进行校正。     

FDR系统在土壤水分连续动态监测中的应用

FDR (FrequencyDomainReflectometry)频域反射仪是一种用于测量土壤水分的仪器 ,它利用电磁脉冲原理、根据电磁波在介质中传播频率来测量土壤的表观介电常数 (ε) ,从而得到土壤容积含水量 (θv)。介绍了FDR系统的测量原理、系统安装、测量方法及其在土壤水分连续动态监测中的应用 ,并对实际测量结果进行了校正 ,可以作为FDR校正的参考。在半干旱区皇甫川流域的应用实践表明 ,FDR具有简便安全、快速准确、定点连续、自动化、宽量程、少标定等优点 ,是一种值得推荐的土壤水分测定仪器。     

Combined effect of technical, meteorological and agronomical factors on solid-set sprinkler irrigation: I. Irrigation performance and soil water recharge in alfalfa and maize

In this work, maize (Zea mays L.) and alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.) were irrigated in two adjoining plots with the same sprinkler solid-set system. Irrigation was evaluated between four sprinklers in the central position within each plot, above the canopy with pluviometers and in the soil with a FDR probe. Maize and alfalfa were simultaneously irrigated under the same operational and technical conditions during two seasons: in 2005, the solid-set irrigation system layout was rectangular, 15 m between sprinklers along the irrigation line and 15 m among lines (R15 × 15), and the seasonal irrigation applied according to the crop evapotranspiration (ET_c); in 2006, the solid-set layout was R18 × 15 and the seasonal irrigation was around 30% lower than the ET_c. The irrigation depth above the canopies (ID_C) and the soil water recharge after irrigation (RW) were monitored using a 3 m × 3 m grid (25 points in 2005 and in 30 points in 2006). For maize, RW was assessed both in the lines of plants (CL) and between the lines (BCL).The average values of ID_C were similar between crops during both seasons but the uniformity (CUC) of the ID_C noticeably depended on the crop: the differences were greater between crops than between sprinklers spacings (R15 × 15 and R18 × 15). The CUC of ID_C, the RW and the CUC of RW were greater for alfalfa than for maize. The CUC of ID_C was greater than the CUC of RW for both crops. The RW was significantly related with the ID_C throughout the irrigation season for alfalfa. The correlation was weaker for maize, with important differences between positions and between growth stages. At the beginning of the season, the RW significantly correlated with the ID_C, both in the CL and BCL positions. However, the correlation weakened when the maize grew, especially in the CL, because the maize plants redistributed the water.The results show that the height and canopy architecture of the crop must be considered in the analysis of the sprinkler water distribution as factors influencing the irrigation performance.     

Formation of 2n gametes in durum wheat haploids: Sexual polyploidization

Allopolyploidy, resulting from interspecific and intergeneric hybridization accompanied by sexual doubling of chromosomes, has played a major role in the evolution of crop plants that sustain humankind. The allopolyploid species, including durum wheat, bread wheat, and oat, have developed a genetic control of chromosome pairing that confers on them meiotic regularity (diploid-like chromosome pairing), and hence reproductive stability, and disomic inheritance. Being natural hybrids, they enjoy the benefits of hybridity as well as polyploidy that make them highly adaptable to diverse environments. Despite the complexities of sexual reproduction, it is widespread among plants and animals. Sexual polyploids are highly successful in nature. Sexual polyploidization is far more efficient than somatic chromosome doubling. Sexual polyploidization effected by functioning of unreduced (2n) gametes in the parental species or in their hybrids has been instrumental in producing our grain, fiber, and oilseed crops. Evidence is presented for the occurrence of sexual polyploidization in durum haploids. ThePh1-induced failure of homoeologous pairing is an important factor in the formation of first division restitution(FDR) nuclei and 2n gametes. The evolutionary and breeding significance of sexual polyploidization is discussed. It is emphasized that three factors, viz.,sexual reproduction, allopolyploidy, and genetic control of chromosome pairing,jointly constitute a perfect recipe for cataclysmic evolution in nature. This revised version was published online in July 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.