两种园林用FDR土壤水分传感器的精度校正

利用质地差异较大的园土及草炭∶陶粒∶园土=3∶1∶1（体积比）的混合基质对2种土壤水分频域反射仪（FDR）进行了室内标定.结果显示,在目前园林应用的测量精度内,土壤质地对两种FDR土壤水分传感器的测量影响不显著,但FDR测量值较烘干法明显偏高,校正斜率介于0.68～0.70之间.相关分析表明FDR测量值与真实值之间有极显著的相关性,相关系数大于0.97.利用获得的线性函数进行校正,校正后的土壤水分值与采用传统的烘干称重法测得的值相符.基于以上结果,FDR土壤水分传感器能准确、快速测定土壤含水量,在城市园林节水灌溉管理中发挥重要作用.     

基于STC90C51单片机的土壤水分检测系统设计与开发

根据农田环境的应用需求,为快速、准确地获取农田中土壤体积含水率和水分变化信息,研究一种基于STC90C51单片机的土壤水分检测系统的硬件结构及功能设计。该系统采用基于FDR（Frequency Domain Reflectometry）的传感器作为土壤温湿度的采集端,可实现对土壤水分含量的自动采集、显示、存储和监测。对于土壤水分的监测试验结果表明,该系统性能稳定,工作可靠,为农田监测、节水灌溉等提供了有效、可靠的监测手段。     

Development and performance of balck sigatoka-resistant tetraploid hybrids of plantain (Musa spp., AAB group)

Summary A strategy to control the black sigatoka disease (Mycosphaerella fijiensis Morelet) of plantain (Musa ssp., AAB grou) in Africa, targeting the incorporation of durable host plant resistance, was initiated at the International Institute of Tropical Agriculture (IITA). The commonly accepted intractability of plantain to genetic improvement has been challenged by the identification of 37 different, seed-fertile plantain cultivars and by the production of 250 hybrids in four years of breeding work. Twenty tetraploid hybrids have been selected for their increased black sigatoka resistance, high yields, large parthenocarpic fruits and improved ratooning. Calcutta 4 (Musa acuminata spp. burmannicoides) was the diploid male parent of 17 of the selected hybrids, which indicates that the inferior bunch characteristics of this wild banana were generally not transmitted to its tetraploid progenies. Conversely, the 4x progeny of plantain readily expressed black sigatoka resistance when crossed with Calcutta 4. Progenies of the triploid plantain cvs. Obino l'Ewai and Bobby Tannap differed in their black sigatoka breeding values, the former producing larger numbers of promising hybrids. Tetraploids obtained from crosses of plantain cultivars with the homozygous Calcutta 4 displayed variation in black sigatoka reaction, qualitative morphological traits and growth and yield parameters, suggesting the occurrence of segregation and recombination during the modified megasporogenesis leading to the formation of 2n eggs in the triploid female plantain parents. The variation in black sigatoka reaction among the tetraploid progenies of plantain suggests that resistance could be regulated by recessive, additive genes.     

计算多层墙体响应系数的频域回归方法

基于墙体热传导的理论频率响应提出了计算多层墙体响应系数的频域回归方法，首先在所要关心的频率范围内计算出总的传导矩阵的频率响应。然后求解线性方程组得到墙体内外表面吸热及传热的简单的多项式ｓ－传递函数，该多项式传递函数与双曲型ｓ－传递函数在频率特性上是等价的，最后由多项传递函数计算出墙体的响应系数。实例验证表明，该方法非常简单高效，计算精度高，速度快。     

基于SM2801V的土壤水分测试仪设计

[目的]设计了基于SM2801V的土壤水分测定仪.[方法]在AT89C52的控制下,传感器实时地采集土壤的温度及水分含量信息,然后经数据的模数转换,送微处理器进行具有温度补偿功能的信号处理,实现对土壤水分信息的存储、显示及与蓝牙的数据传输功能.[结果]野外的试验测量表明,仪器采用温度补偿,提高了测量精度,具有成本低、操作简单、性价比高、数据传输方便等优点.[结论]该仪器在农业气象和水利部门中的应用前景广泛.     

Adaptation to day length and yield stability of families from 4x×2x crosses in potato

Summary The objectives of this research were to evaluate the response to day length and the yield stability of environments of 4x families from 4x×2x crosses in potato. Twenty families from crosses between 4x female parents with different genetic backgrounds and 2x parents, which formed 2n pollen by first division restitution and were selected under short days, were evaluated in four locations in Peru (short days) and during two years at Rhinelander, USA (long days). Results from the USA indicate that the 4x progeny from 4x×2x crosses were very late maturing and poor yielding.Further, vine maturity, tuber size and tuber number are highly correlated with the percentage of Tuberosum germplasm in the parentage. Results from Peru indicate that most 4x×2x families had high tuber yield, stability for yield and high dry matter content. The lack of correlation between rank order of the parental value, based on progeny testing, of the male and female parents among short day locations and between short and long day environments indicates that selection of parents must be done in each location in which the final product, either a family or a clone, will be used.International Potato Center (CIP)     

基于土壤LF-UHF频段介电特性的FDR测量频率研究

土壤介电特性是影响FDR传感器测量土壤含水量精度和适应性的重要物理参数。为了确定28 mm长、10 mm间距的7探针FDR传感器理想频率,通过矢量网络分析仪对4种不同土壤的LF-UHF频段(1 MHz～3 GHz)散射参数进行了测量,通过Logsdon和Laird模型变换,使用Matlab进行了4种土壤表观介电常数的计算和绘制。通过土壤介电频谱分析,研究了土壤极化机理,分析了土壤介电特性与频率的关系,确定了FDR传感器的工作频段为44～398 MHz,考虑到温度对极化的影响,其最佳工作频段为62～110 MHz,其中75 MHz是其工作的最佳频率。此频率下土壤介电值仅对土壤含水量敏感,是消除温度等因素对FDR传感器影响的理想频率。     

温度对FDR土壤湿度传感器的影响研究

在利用FDR土壤湿度传感器测量土壤湿度时,土壤温度的变化会使测量结果产生较大的误差,因此要对FDR土壤湿度传感器进行温度补偿。为了研究温度对FDR土壤湿度传感器的影响规律,利用不同湿度的土壤样本在不同温度下进行实验。根据实验结果采用二元回归分析法对FDR土壤湿度传感器和土壤温度传感器的输出进行数据融合,消除温度对FDR土壤湿度传感器的影响。融合补偿后的数据结果比未补偿的数据受温度影响减小,更加接近土壤真实湿度值,大大减小了土壤温度对测量结果的影响。     

Combined effect of technical, meteorological and agronomical factors on solid-set sprinkler irrigation: I. Irrigation performance and soil water recharge in alfalfa and maize

In this work, maize (Zea mays L.) and alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.) were irrigated in two adjoining plots with the same sprinkler solid-set system. Irrigation was evaluated between four sprinklers in the central position within each plot, above the canopy with pluviometers and in the soil with a FDR probe. Maize and alfalfa were simultaneously irrigated under the same operational and technical conditions during two seasons: in 2005, the solid-set irrigation system layout was rectangular, 15 m between sprinklers along the irrigation line and 15 m among lines (R15 × 15), and the seasonal irrigation applied according to the crop evapotranspiration (ET_c); in 2006, the solid-set layout was R18 × 15 and the seasonal irrigation was around 30% lower than the ET_c. The irrigation depth above the canopies (ID_C) and the soil water recharge after irrigation (RW) were monitored using a 3 m × 3 m grid (25 points in 2005 and in 30 points in 2006). For maize, RW was assessed both in the lines of plants (CL) and between the lines (BCL).The average values of ID_C were similar between crops during both seasons but the uniformity (CUC) of the ID_C noticeably depended on the crop: the differences were greater between crops than between sprinklers spacings (R15 × 15 and R18 × 15). The CUC of ID_C, the RW and the CUC of RW were greater for alfalfa than for maize. The CUC of ID_C was greater than the CUC of RW for both crops. The RW was significantly related with the ID_C throughout the irrigation season for alfalfa. The correlation was weaker for maize, with important differences between positions and between growth stages. At the beginning of the season, the RW significantly correlated with the ID_C, both in the CL and BCL positions. However, the correlation weakened when the maize grew, especially in the CL, because the maize plants redistributed the water.The results show that the height and canopy architecture of the crop must be considered in the analysis of the sprinkler water distribution as factors influencing the irrigation performance.     

Formation of 2n gametes in durum wheat haploids: Sexual polyploidization

Allopolyploidy, resulting from interspecific and intergeneric hybridization accompanied by sexual doubling of chromosomes, has played a major role in the evolution of crop plants that sustain humankind. The allopolyploid species, including durum wheat, bread wheat, and oat, have developed a genetic control of chromosome pairing that confers on them meiotic regularity (diploid-like chromosome pairing), and hence reproductive stability, and disomic inheritance. Being natural hybrids, they enjoy the benefits of hybridity as well as polyploidy that make them highly adaptable to diverse environments. Despite the complexities of sexual reproduction, it is widespread among plants and animals. Sexual polyploids are highly successful in nature. Sexual polyploidization is far more efficient than somatic chromosome doubling. Sexual polyploidization effected by functioning of unreduced (2n) gametes in the parental species or in their hybrids has been instrumental in producing our grain, fiber, and oilseed crops. Evidence is presented for the occurrence of sexual polyploidization in durum haploids. ThePh1-induced failure of homoeologous pairing is an important factor in the formation of first division restitution(FDR) nuclei and 2n gametes. The evolutionary and breeding significance of sexual polyploidization is discussed. It is emphasized that three factors, viz.,sexual reproduction, allopolyploidy, and genetic control of chromosome pairing,jointly constitute a perfect recipe for cataclysmic evolution in nature. This revised version was published online in July 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.