Competition model for international comparisons of livestock

Interbull has been responsible for comparing dairy bulls across countries since the mid‐1980s. The current methodology is called MACE (multiple across country evaluations) which has been in use since 1995. Now that genomic data are being utilized in many countries, this has led to two serious problems. The first is that of preselection of young bulls such that the young animals are no longer a random sample of progeny from a sire by dam mating pair. Secondly, some countries are becoming less willing to share genomic data with Interbull. Both issues raise concern over the future of Interbull and international comparisons. This paper suggests a competition model as a potential replacement for MACE. The competition model makes pairwise comparisons between all pairs of bulls within a country and combines these differences across countries through bulls that are used in more than one country. Pedigree information is ignored as are all genomic data because bulls are treated as fixed. The model produces one international ranking of bulls averaging out any genotype by environment interactions which may exist. The competition model is illustrated by a small example. The limitations and advantages of the competition model are discussed.     

几种仔猪肠道损伤模型的建立及肠道损伤生物标志物的研究进展

肠道不仅是所有营养物质消化吸收的最终场所,也是动物体内最大的免疫器官,是机体防御体系的第一道屏障,维护动物肠道健康对保障养猪生产至关重要。肠道是机体应激反应的中心器官,各种应激因素致使肠道结构损伤与功能紊乱,从而导致仔猪健康不良与生长受阻。因此,建立稳定可靠的肠道损伤模型是研究仔猪肠道损伤机制及营养干预的关键,本文主要介绍了本实验室成功建立的几种仔猪肠道损伤模型,筛选了几种肠道功能紊乱的标志性分子,为猪和人类的肠道功能障碍研究及营养干预提供参考。     

猪油酸-急性肺损伤模型的建立

试验以猪为试验对象建立油酸-急性肺损伤模型。对油酸的注射剂量、宰杀方式进行比较优选;然后选取12头50日龄的猪,随机分为对照组和油酸组;处理后观察猪的呼吸状况,并在处理后不同时相点（1、3和6 h）宰杀猪,对肺组织的结构变化和肺含水量进行观察分析。结果表明,与对照组相比,注射适量油酸后,猪呼吸方式由胸腹式呼吸变为急促的腹式呼吸,呼吸频率明显升高;在注射后的3个时相点剖检发现,油酸组猪的肺组织出现典型急性肺损伤的病理形态。因此,在本试验条件下,以0.05 ml/kg体重,少量分次,耳静脉注射油酸成功建立了油酸-急性肺损伤模型,为进一步开展有关猪肺损伤及肺免疫防御的研究奠定了基础。     

广西巴马小型猪动脉粥样硬化模型的制作

本试验旨在制作广西巴马小型猪动脉粥样硬化模型,初步判断猪发生动脉粥样硬化时的指数值,以期为今后建立相关模型提供依据。试验选取广西巴马小型猪试验组和对照组各10头,通过饲喂高脂高胆固醇饲料建立动脉粥样硬化模型,检测建模过程中血液生化指标,将动脉粥样硬化指数与血管切片作关联分析,初步拟定发生动脉粥样硬化时的指数值。屠宰后血管切片结果显示,试验组有2头广西巴马小型猪发生动脉粥样硬化,对照组均正常。2头广西巴马小型猪的血管切片结果与动脉粥样硬化指数进行关联分析后,初步拟定的动脉粥样硬化指数值在3.8以上,并持续3个月以上。     

Validating a Time Series of Annual Grass Percent Cover in the Sagebrush Ecosystem

We mapped yearly (2000–2016) estimates of annual grass percent cover for much of the sagebrush ecosystem of the western United States using remotely sensed, climate, and geophysical data in regression-tree models. Annual grasses senesce and cure by early summer and then become beds of fine fuel that easily ignite and spread fire through rangeland systems. Our annual maps estimate the extent of these fuels and can serve as a tool to assist land managers and scientists in understanding the ecosystem’s response to weather variations, disturbances, and management. Validating the time series of annual maps is important for determining the usefulness of the data. To validate these maps, we compare Bureau of Land Management Assessment Inventory and Monitoring (AIM) data to mapped estimates and use a leave-one-out spatial assessment technique that is effective for validating maps that cover broad geographical extents. We hypothesize that the time series of annual maps exhibits high spatiotemporal variability because precipitation is highly variable in arid and semiarid environments where sagebrush is native, and invasive annual grasses respond to precipitation. The remotely sensed data that help drive our regression-tree model effectively measures annual grasses’ response to precipitation. The mean absolute error (MAE) rate varied depending on the validation data and technique used for comparison. The AIM plot data and our maps had substantial spatial incongruence, but despite this, the MAE rate for the assessment equaled 12.62%. The leave-one-out accuracy assessment had an MAE of 8.43%. We quantified bias, and bias was more substantial at higher percent cover. These annual maps can help management identify actions that may alleviate the current cycle of invasive grasses because it enables the assessment of the variability of annual grass ? percent cover distribution through space and time, as part of dynamic systems rather than static systems.     

西部少数民族贫困山区扶贫模式研究——以四川省昭觉县为例

西部民族贫困山区是我国扶贫攻坚的重点和难点地区,其扶贫工作的好坏直接关系：我国民族团结、全面建设小康社会目标的实现。在分析西部民族贫困山区县——四川省昭觉县农村贫困与扶贫工作现状的基础上,总结了适合民族贫困山区县的扶贫模式——“三集中”扶贫模式,提出通过发展县域循环经济和建立健全生态环境补偿机制来推广发展“三集中”扶贫模式的对策建议。     

猪饲料有效能值预测模型的构建

为探索饲料常规成分及碳水化合物组分与饲料有效能值之间的关系方程,本研究以NRC第11版《猪营养需要量》中发布的122套饲料营养成分表为基础,将饲料中11种基础成分[6项常规成分:干物质、粗蛋白质(CP)、粗纤维(CF)、粗脂肪(EE)、酸性醚提取物、粗灰分(ash);5项碳水化合物组分:淀粉(ST)、中性洗涤纤维(NDF)、酸性洗涤纤维(ADF)、半纤维素、酸性洗涤木质素]作为自变量,将饲料中的消化能(DE)、代谢能(ME)及净能(NE)作为因变量,采用SAS软件中的REG过程,分别建立不同性质饲料、自变量的不同组合与DE、ME及NE之间的回归关系方程,并以相关系数(R2)及变异系数(CV)作为评价回归模型的优劣。研究表明,有效能值与CP、ST及纤维类指标显著或极显著相关(P0.05或P0.01)。将所有饲料作为研究对象时,饲料的DE、ME及NE与上述11种基础成分之间建立的普适性回归模型预测效果较差。当将14种玉米及其加工产品形成子集时,建立饲料基础营养成分与DE、ME及NE的关系方程分别为7、6和7套(P0.05),且3组回归模型R2分别为0.632 8~0.772 3、0.646 9~0.684 9和0.670 5~0.822 1,CV分别为6.61%~8.40%、6.58%~7.34%和6.21%~8.27%;当将13种大豆及其加工产品形成子集时,共建立饲料基础成分与DE、ME关系方程分别有3和4套,回归模型R2分别为0.907 1~0.926 9、0.890 7~0.922 3,CV分别为5.40%~6.09%、5.79%~6.78%,NE与基础营养成分指标之间无法建立具有营养学意义的有效回归方程。对于同类饲料中具有相同自变量组合的DE及ME预测模型而言,两者之间的差异主要是自变量CP的系数上,且CP部分对ME的正效应低于DE,这保证模型预测的ME低于DE。同时选用本研究构建的适宜模型,补充了NRC第11版成分表中第97(去皮大豆粕,低寡糖,浸提)、101(全脂大豆,高蛋白质)及102号(全脂大豆,低寡糖)饲料的DE值分别为15.99、17.35、17.27 MJ/kg,ME值分别为14.53、16.15和16.14 MJ/kg。综上,以NRC(2012)饲料营养成分表为基础,建立的普适性有效能值回归模型预测效果较差。按照玉米类和大豆类进行分类,可建立DE、ME和NE与饲料化学成分之间的多元回归方程,其中最优的预测因子为CP、EE、ST、ash、NDF、ADF。具有相同自变量的同类饲料DE和ME预测模型之间的差异是CP系数,CP影响DE转化为ME的效率。     

H5N1亚型禽流感病毒低剂量感染小鼠发病模型的建立

为模拟哺乳动物感染H5亚型高致病性禽流感病毒(HPAIV)的发病进程,本研究采用对哺乳动物高度致病的H5N1亚型HPAIV株A/bar-headed goose/Qinghai/3/05 (BHG/3/05),以低剂量鼻腔接种小鼠,观察发病、存活、病毒复制及组织病理损伤情况.结果显示,100.4 EID50即能够100％感染小鼠,但发病表现缓慢,死亡延迟至8d以后,存活达60％;体内病毒复制可持续10 d以上,感染后前3d病毒的增殖限于呼吸道,随后扩散至脑、脾、肾等其他器官;组织病理学观察肺脏早期表现出渗出性炎症,第10d发展为典型的间质性肺炎.本研究结果为探讨人禽流感的病理发生机制提供了具有价值的模型.     

兽医临床实例训练课程教学与考核模式的探索

兽医临床实例训练是安徽农业大学动物医学专业近几年新开设的一门实践课程。该课程以学校动物医院为实践平台,以提高学生的动手操作技能,增强临床实践能力,培养学生的临床思维能力和初步职业素质为目标,通过在教学过程中不断地实践和完善,探索出一套合理的、先进的教学与考核模式。该模式取得了明显的教学效果,为兽医临床实践教学改革提供了新思维和新方法。     

高分辨四极杆飞行时间质谱仪判别复原乳和超高温灭菌乳

采用高分辨四极杆飞行时间质谱仪,结合化学计量学方法,利用非靶向代谢组学方法,对超高温灭菌乳和复原乳进行检测。牛乳样品经过前处理后,经过C18色谱柱分离,采用FullScan模式进行一级全扫描,扫描结果通过数据预处理后,导入SIMCA-P14.1软件中进行主成分分析和偏最小二乘方差判别分析。结果表明:正、负离子模式下共找到14种判别超高温灭菌乳和复原乳的表征因子,进一步通过这14种表征因子建立区分2种乳的判别模型,通过该判别模型能够准确地区分超高温灭菌乳和复原乳,为复原乳的判别提供理论依据。