发展旱作节水农业的实践与成效

分析了十堰市南水北调中线工程水源区干旱发生的规律,介绍了该市发展旱作节水农业的作法,并针对存在的问题提出了发展建议。     

低温对玉米苗期根系生长及磷养分吸收的影响

利用盆栽实验研究了低温对春玉米苗期根系生长、根际和非根际土壤磷的有效性及玉米磷吸收的影响。结果表明,低温抑制了玉米根系的生长,降低了玉米对磷的吸收。同时,低温胁迫下玉米苗期根际和非根际土壤有效磷均低于对照,且根际土壤磷素与非根际土壤磷素没有明显差异。     

春播紫花苜蓿苗期杂草的化学防治研究

紫花苜蓿(Medicago sativa L.)苗期杂草危害严重,显著影响建植,为此采用单因素完全随机区组设计的方法,探究7种除草处理对苜蓿产量、品质和杂草防除效果的影响。结果表明:2,4-DB、苯达松及其混用组合处理可有效防除阔叶类杂草,株防效在75.80%～90.65%之间;高效盖草能、精喹禾灵、烯草酮可有效防除单子叶杂草,株防效高于71.10%。喷施2,4-DB会使苜蓿的总产量减少64%以上;喷施苯达松+高效盖草能、苯达松+精喹禾灵、高效盖草均能显著地提高第2茬的产量,苜蓿总产量分别提高45.60%,45.28%和43.06%。综合考虑除草剂的安全性和除杂增产效果等方面,以苯达松+高效盖草能和苯达松+精喹禾灵2种除草处理的效果较好,可在苜蓿生产田推广利用。     

紫外线(UV)-B增强对植物的影响研究

对大气中臭氧层变薄的现状及紫外线划分的方法进行了介绍。综述了国内外近几十年有关UV-B辐射对植物影响的研究现状,讨论了增强的UV-B辐射对植物生长及形态结构,植物生理生化代谢,UV-B吸收物质,植物遗传物质及某些基因表达,植物细胞膜及抗氧化系统,环境多因子相互作用对植物和种群及生态系统的影响,并对该研究领域今后的研究方向进行了展望。     

地膜覆盖栽培对小京生花生土壤温湿度的调控及其生物学效应

2002-2003年的试验表明,地膜覆盖栽培对小京生花生的土壤调温、调湿效应十分显著,在生育前期能提高土壤温度,夏季降低土壤温度,连续降雨天气能降低土壤湿度,干旱天气能提高土壤湿度,从而使小京生花生生育期提前,地上、地下部分生长良好,产量显著提高。实验结果为进一步推广和扩大地膜栽培提供依据。     

Sustainable management of wildlife habitat and risk of extinction

Whether land management planning provides for sufficient habitat to sustain viable populations of indigenous wildlife is one of the greatest challenges confronting resource managers. Analyses of the effects of land management on natural resources often rely on qualitative assessments that focus on single species to reflect the risk of wildlife extinction across a planning area. We propose a conceptual framework for sustainable management of wildlife habitat that explicitly acknowledges the greater risk of an extinction event when considering the viability of multiple species, e.g., an indigenous vertebrate fauna. This concept is based on the principle that the likelihood of at least one event (i.e., species extinction) is the joint probability of the extinction probabilities of individual species, assuming independence among species’ responses to disturbance. We present an ecological rationale to support the view that, at a spatial scale of 10⁴-10⁶ ha (i.e., planning area) and a temporal scale of 10² years (i.e., planning horizon), wildlife species operating at varying ecological scales respond relatively independently to disturbances typically associated with land management. We use a hypothetical scenario of a wildlife viability assessment and Monte Carlo simulation to demonstrate that the probability of ‘any extinction’ is consistently higher than the probability of the ‘single most likely’ extinction, and that the difference between these values increases as more disturbance-sensitive species (i.e., species at risk) are analyzed. We conclude that risk assessments that rely upon the most sensitive single species may substantially underestimate the risk of wildlife extinction across a planning area. Furthermore, the selection of a planning alternative based on relative threat of local extinction of wildlife populations can vary depending on which paradigm is used to estimate risk to viability across the planning area.     

Contrasting recreational and commercial fishing: Searching for common issues to promote unified conservation of fisheries resources and aquatic environments

Commercial fishing has repeatedly been identified as a major causal factor for global declines in fish stocks. Recently, recreational fisheries have also been considered as having the potential to contribute to fisheries declines. Here, we take a global focus, contrasting the characteristics of commercial and recreational fisheries relevant to conservation and sustainability of exploited fishes in both marine and freshwater environments. We provide evidence to support our assertion that the same issues that have led to global fisheries concerns regarding commercial fishing can have equivalent, and in some cases, magnified effects in recreational fisheries. Contrasts revealed that the issues of bycatch and catch-and-release, fisheries-induced selection, trophic changes, habitat degradation, gear technology, fishing effort, and production regimes are remarkably similar among fishery sectors. In recognition of this conclusion, we present a new vision for recreational fishing that positions it on the same scale and urgency as commercial fisheries. Efforts to manage and conserve fisheries must recognise that issues and threats are similar in these fundamentally and philosophically different fisheries, as may be the solutions. Failure to recognise the similarities will further polarise these sectors and retard efforts to conserve aquatic resources. Fishing activity of any kind, whether commercial or recreational, has the potential to affect negatively fish and fisheries, as well as aquatic environments.     

植物对土壤微生物多样性的影响研究进展

土壤微生物是植物-土壤系统中比较活跃的组成成分,土壤微生物多样性代表着微生物群落的稳定性,对植被的生长发育和群落结构的演替具有重要作用。本文通过植物类型、植物多样性、植物不同生长发育阶段、同一植物不同基因型、植物根系分泌物和外来植物入侵对土壤微生物多样性的影响分析,探讨植物和土壤微生物多样性之间的内在联系,为植物保护和农业可持续发展研究提供参考。     

中草药防治肉鸡腹水综合症的研究进展

肉鸡腹水症是遍布世界各地的一种代谢性疾病,发病率及死亡率高,对肉鸡养殖业造成了严重损失.通过查阅文献资料的方式汇总了近年用中草药防治肉鸡腹水症的研究资料,阐述了肉鸡腹水症病因及用中草药防治的研究进展,旨在探讨中草药防治本病的作用机理,为采取有效防治措施提供理论依据.     

Pb~(2+)·Cd~(2+)及其复合污染对云和雪梨树苗生理生化指标的影响

[目的]研究Pb2+、Cd2+及其复合处理对云和雪梨树苗生理生化指标的影响,为种苗生产提供参考。[方法]采用因子分析法,研究Pb2+、Cd2+及其复合污染对云和雪梨苗生理机能的影响。[结果]Pb2+、Cd2+污染抑制树苗的生长,影响梨苗叶绿素的含量,抑制超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)活性,提高梨苗丙二醛(MDA)和可溶性蛋白质含量,刺激谷胱甘肽(GSH)合成,Pb2+、Cd2+之间的相互作用复杂。[结论]Pb2+、Cd2+污染云和雪梨苗,抑制叶绿素的合成,增强超养阴离子自由基(O2-.)对植株的毒害性,使膜脂过氧化损伤程度高,受重金属污染植株启动保护酶系统,以增强植株的抗氧化性。Pb2+、Cd2+相互作用机制复杂。