Time dependence of hydraulic parameters estimation from transient analysis of mini disc infiltrometer measurements

The transient analysis of mini disc infiltrometer (MDI) measurements is an established method for characterising near-surface hydraulic characteristics of soils. The reliability of hydraulic characteristics obtained from transient analysis depends on the (1) adequacy of model, (2) adequacy of data, (3) measurement time and (4) measurement footprint. The measurement time dependence recommendations are reported only for a few soil textures, initially wet samples and tension infiltrometer (TI) with a higher measurement footprint than the MDI. This study investigated the adequacy of infiltration data (using cumulative linearization [CL] and differentiated linearization [DL]) and measurement time influence on the hydraulic parameters determined from the transient analysis of MDI measurements for six soil textures. The objective of the study is to identify suitable MDI measurement durations for different soil textures for the initially dry state, considering both adequacy of data and time fractionation (measurement time influence). The data adequacy time obtained from the DL (T_DL) was found to be 0.8 times less than the value obtained from CL (T_CL). The marginal difference in T_DL and T_CL had a significant influence on the determination of infiltration equation coefficient C₁ and negligible influence on coefficient C₂. The time fractionation procedure adopted for identifying adequate MDI measurement time (T_m) was found to be comparable based on sorptivity (S₀) and hydraulic conductivity (K₀). The average T_m was also comparable with T_DL and T_CL with a strong positive correlation. The C₂ values obtained based on T_m, T_DL, and T_CL were in better agreement than the corresponding C₁ values. The adequate MDI measurement times identified by considering T_m, T_DL, and T_CL were texture dependent, ranging from 45 min for silt to 120 min for silt loam and silty clay loam. For loamy sand, it was 50 min; for sand, it was 70 min, followed by 60 min for loam.     

碟形弹簧计算机辅助设计

采用内点惩罚函数法寻求最优值，以离合器摩擦片磨损后碟形弹簧工作压力变化最小为目标函数对其进行优化设计。     

盘刀式铡草机抛送性能试验研究

针对盘刀式铡草机存在的生产率低、功耗大、易堵塞等问题,以玉米秸秆为试验材料,选取不同的主轴转速、叶片倾角和秸秆含水率作为试验因素进行抛送性能试验研究。试验结果表明:各因素对抛送过程生产率影响的主次顺序为主轴转速>叶片倾角>秸秆含水率;对抛送过程功耗影响的主次顺序为主轴转速>秸秆含水率>叶片倾角。当叶片倾角为7°、主轴转速为650r/min、秸秆含水率为22.1%时,抛送过程生产率最高;当叶片倾角为11°、铡草机主轴转速为510r/min、秸秆含水率为27.3%时,抛送过程功率消耗最低;同时,得到了可用于预测铡草机抛送过程生产率和功率消耗的线性回归模型。     

碟簧支撑圆形瓦推力滑动轴承在临洪东泵站的应用

针对江苏省连云港临洪东泵站采用的新型碟簧支撑圆形瓦推力滑动轴承,论述了其新颖的结构形式、安装使用特点。根据机组零部件加工精度、运输对部件精度的影响、现场安装条件等各种因素,提出了三套蝶簧支撑圆形瓦推力滑动轴承机组的安装方案,通过比较分析,明确了精调定子水平、综合处理下导摆度安装的施工工艺。临洪东站12台机组的安装表明新的安装工艺减少了机组安装工作量,缩短了工作时间,提高了机组安装质量,达到了安装规范的要求。     

稻油轮作区驱动圆盘犁对置组合式耕整机设计与试验

针对长江中下游稻油轮作区油菜种植时土壤黏重板结、秸秆量大、播种作业需同步开畦沟的农艺要求,考虑传统耕整作业耕层浅、功耗大的不足,依据驱动圆盘犁组与传统铧式犁相比,不易缠草堵塞、通过性好、牵引阻力小的特征,设计了用于油菜播种的驱动圆盘犁对置组合式耕整机。提出了主动式对置犁耕与被动式开畦沟、碎土、平整相结合的联合耕整作业方案,分析了对称布置的圆盘犁组的动力学和运动学特性,确定了其主要结构和工作参数。根据犁体曲面成形原理,设计了开畦沟前犁犁体曲面;依据组合式船型开沟器与土壤挤压互作机制的分析,确定了开畦沟区域宽度为350 mm时,开畦沟系统作业后可有效保证畦沟和种床厢面质量。耕深稳定性试验表明,整机作业实际耕深与限深深度基本一致,耕深稳定性系数均在90%以上。厢面质量试验表明,开畦沟系统在中间开畦沟区域能开出沟宽241.6~293.5 mm,沟深328.6~370.8 mm的梯形沟。经组合式船型开沟器挤压的土壤对犁沟的实际填埋率高于87.67%,碎土辊作业后厢面平整度为22.45~26.70 mm,碎土率为60.14%~68.37%。正交试验结果表明,整机较优工作参数为:限深深度为180 mm,机组前进速度为3.5 km/h,圆盘犁组转速为160 r/min,此时整机功耗为24.37 k W,相比传统旋耕方式的油菜播种种床整备机具的功耗降低了37.67%,秸秆埋覆率为92.78%,碎土率为66.74%,厢面平整度为24.18 mm,土壤对犁沟平均填埋率为92.3%,满足油菜播种的农艺要求。     

盘刷式矮密栽培落地红枣集条装置研制

针对新疆落地红枣人工集条劳动强度大、机械化程度低的问题,研制一种与落地红枣捡拾机配套的红枣集条装置.重点设计避障系统和仿形机构等关键部件,确定盘刷、液压缸行程和仿形机构的工作参数,结合避障工况需求,设计扫盘避障液压系统并对液压元件进行计算选型.以盘刷转速、盘刷前倾角和前进速度为影响因素,集条率和破损率为评价指标,开展三...     

对行式油菜薹有序收获机设计与试验

针对油菜薹机械化有序收获装备缺乏的问题,设计了一种对行式油菜薹有序收获机,完成油菜薹对行、夹持切割、柔性输送、有序铺放等收获环节。阐述了收获机整机结构和作业过程,根据切割、输送和铺放过程中油菜薹的运动学和动力学分析,确定了单圆盘切割器、夹持输送装置和导流板等部件的结构和运行参数,解析收获机参数对切割损伤率和铺放角变异系数的影响规律。研制对行式油菜薹有序收获机样机,以机器前进速度、切刀转速、输送带速度和导流板倾角为试验因素,以切割损伤率和铺放角变异系数为评价指标开展四因素三水平Box-Behnken田间试验。利用数据分析软件Design-Export 10建立试验指标与因素之间的二次多项式回归模型,分析各因素对试验指标的影响规律;求解切割损伤率和铺放角变异系数优化模型,得出最优参数组合为：机器前进速度0.5 m/s,切刀转速910 r/min,输送速度0.75 m/s,导流板倾角49°。验证试验表明,较优参数组合条件下切割损伤率为4.95%,铺放角变异系数为9.55%,与预测值之间的相对误差小于5%,能够满足油菜薹有序收获需求。     

9FQM1000型树枝秸秆粉碎机的设计

针对新型农业经济组织每年秸秆和废残树枝产量大、利用率低、传统焚烧易污染环境等问题,采用双通道喂入方式,运用盘式切碎加锤片粉碎的基本工作原理,对树枝秸秆粉碎机的结构和传动系统进行了设计,设计出能够对树枝秸秆进行精细粉碎的9FQM1000型树枝秸秆粉碎机并进行试制。样机试验表明,9FQM1000型树枝秸秆粉碎机组合粉碎结构可靠,生产效率为3 000 kg·h^-1。     

履带式林间草带收割机设计与试验

林下种草是近年来人工林普遍采用的林下经济模式.针对林草种植模式中因林木间距小、植被茂盛、地表不平、视野受限而带来的牧草收获困难等问题,设计了一款履带式林间草带收割机,该机主要特点是幅宽小、转弯灵活,适合林间牧草收获作业和硬杂草、稀疏灌木的切割作业.根据实地调研提出基于林间作业环境的割草机设计要求,通过对割草机行走系统、...     

Using Static and Dynamic Indicators to Evaluate Soil Physical Quality in a Sicilian Area

Both capacitive indicators derived from the water retention curve and dynamic measurements of the flow‐weighted mean pore radius, R₀, were used to assess the soil physical quality of two agricultural areas (cropland and olive orchard) and two natural areas (grassland and managed woodlot plantation) potentially subject to soil degradation. The overall idea of the study was to investigate whether a dynamic indicator quantitatively derived from hydraulic conductivity measurements could be used to supplement the traditionally applied capacitive indicators retrieved from water retention measurements. According to the available criteria, only the surface layer of the cropland site showed optimal soil physical quality. In the grassland and woodlot sites, the physical quality was deteriorated also as a consequence of compaction because of grazing. Overall, the physical quality was better in tilled than nontilled soils. The optimal soil in terms of capacitive indicators had hydraulic conductivity close to saturation that was intermediate among the different land uses, and it remained 1·3–1·9 times higher than that observed in the natural sites even when the largest pores emptied. A depth effect on R₀ was observed only when larger macropores were activated. It was suggested that water transmission parameters are more affected by changes in large pore domain. The plant available water content and Dexter's S‐index showed inverse statistically significant regressions with R₀. The empirical relationships were physically convincing given that, at increasing R₀, the contribution of macropores increases, water is transmitted faster below the root zone and the soil's ability to store water is reduced. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.