Colonization behaviour of two enterobacterial strains on cereals

 Two diazotrophic enterobacterial strains, Pantoea agglomerans D5/23 and Klebsiella pneumoniae CC12/12, were observed in sterile and non-sterile hydroponic and soil experiments in order to determine, by means of an immunological detection method (double antibody sandwich enzyme linked immunosorbent assay), their colonization sites, their migration within individuals of different plant species, and their ability to compete with indigenous organisms. To investigate the interaction between bacteria and plants, root and shoot samples were analysed using electron microscopy. Field experiments were performed to determine the growth-promoting abilities of the bacterial strains. In field experiments, inoculation with P. agglomerans led to an increase in the grain yield of different wheat (Triticum aestivum) cultivars. The same strain was also able to colonize the rhizosphere and the phyllosphere of different cereals due to its ability to migrate within the plant. Roots and media were colonized 10–100 times more intensively than shoots, with about 10⁶ cells g^–1 root and 10⁴ cells g^–1 shoot. We found that P. agglomerans colonized the root and plant-growth medium of wheat to a greater extent than those of rye (Secale cereale) and barley (Hordeum vulgare), whereas the colonization of shoots was higher in rye and barley compared to wheat. Furthermore, while cell numbers of K. pneumoniae in media and roots were 10 times higher than cell numbers of P. agglomerans, only the latter markedly increased root growth. We were able to detect significant differences in colonization numbers between treatments even if the data were not normally or log-normally distributed or the variances were not homogenous. Received: 14 June 1999     

陇东旱塬区复种不同藜麦品种(系)的适应性初步评价

为分析不同藜麦品种(系)在陇东雨养地区夏播复种的生态适应性,以12个藜麦品种(系)为材料,对其物候期、农艺性状、经济性状、品质性状等指标进行考察,采用相关性分析、主成分分析和聚类分析法对其适应性进行综合评价。结果表明:供试的12个藜麦品种(系)除LY-2无法复种成熟外,其余的11个品种(系)均能完成生育期;对其19个性状进行相关性分析表明,单位面积籽粒产量与单株粒质量和千粒质量呈极显著正相关(P0.01),而与根倒率、茎倒率呈极显著负相关(P0.01);株高与千粒质量呈极显著正相关(P0.01),籽粒粗蛋白和淀粉分别与籽粒直径和千粒质量呈极显著正相关(P0.01);对其15个性状指标进行主成分分析和聚类分析,对提出的5个主成分累计贡献率达85.04%,根据综合得分,筛选出适应性最好、得分最高的2个品种(系)‘陇藜4号’和‘Q2’;聚类分析表明,11个藜麦品种(系)系统聚为3大类型,各品种(系)间性状与遗传距离方面存在较大差异,其中第三类产量最高,第二类有矮秆、早熟等特性,可根据生产需要和育种目标进行综合考虑。     

Adoption and Impact of Modern Rice Varieties on Poverty in Eastern India

The factors affecting the adoption of modern varieties(MVs) of rice and impact on poverty in Odisha, India were discussed. A total of 363 households from Cuttack and Sambalpur districts of Odisha via multistage sampling technique participated in the survey. The Cragg's Double hurdle model was used to model the determinants of adoption and intensity of adoption of MVs of rice, and the propensity score matching was used to analyze the impact of adoption on poverty. The results showed that age, education, risk aversion, land size, yield, perception of MVs as high yielding, resistant to diseases and availability of MVs positively influenced the decision to adopt. However, variables such as household size, experience of a farmer, off-farm job participation, amount of credit received, cost of seeds, insecticides and fertilizers negatively influenced the adoption of MVs. Intensity of adoption of MVs was negatively influenced by experience of a farmer, cost of fertilizer and marketability of MVs, and positively affected by household size, risk aversion, land size, cost of insecticides, perception of MVs as high yielding and availability of MV seeds. Poverty incidence, gap and severity were high among non-adopters to adopters of MVs. After matching adopters and non-adopters of MV groups using four different algorithms of nearest neighbour matching, stratification matching, radius matching and kernel matching, the impact of MV adoption resulted in higher per capita monthly household expenditure by about US$ 52.82 to US$ 63.17.     

水稻氮磷肥料减施途径研究

通过大田双季稻轮作试验,研究了在农民习惯施肥的基础上,不同减少氮磷肥料用量的施肥措施对水稻生长、产量的影响。减施氮肥处理结果表明:比农民习惯施肥减施20%氮肥的条件下,施用缓释肥料(80R)产量最高,比传统不减少施氮处理(CFN)增产0.4%,比等养分量纯化肥处理(80F)增产6.0%;用有机肥和化肥配施的处理(30F+50M)比80F增产1.9%;绿肥和化肥配施的处理(50F+30A)比80F显著减产7.2%(P<0.05)。因此,施缓释肥料或用有机肥和化肥配施均能提高产量,减少氮肥施用量。减施磷肥处理结果表明:比农民习惯施肥减少施磷20%的处理均没有减产,说明在本地区减少施磷20%,具有一定的可行性。     

双季稻田马铃薯不同覆盖栽培对土壤酶活性的影响

为探讨双季稻区春马铃薯不同覆盖模式下稻田土壤酶活性的变化情况, 在大田条件下, 以露地处理为对照, 设置稻草、无纺布、稻草+无纺布、黑膜、稻草+黑膜5 种覆盖处理。结果表明: 地表覆盖显著影响土壤酶活性。其中, 稻草覆盖显著(P<0.05)提高碱性磷酸酶、芳基硫酸酯酶和脱氢酶酶活性, 分别较对照提高17.55%、24.77%和87.2%; 稻草+无纺布覆盖显著(P<0.05)提高芳基酰胺酶和脱氢酶活性, 分别较对照提高8.03%和71.05%; 黑膜覆盖显著(P<0.05)提高β-葡萄糖苷酶、碱性磷酸酶、芳基硫酸酯酶和脱氢酶活性, 分别较对照提高23.44%、22.70%、37.43%和146.30%; 稻草+黑膜覆盖显著(P<0.05)提高β-葡萄糖苷酶、芳基酰胺酶、碱性磷酸酶、芳基硫酸酯酶和脱氢酶活性, 分别较对照提高34.76%、19.31%、19.03%、51.98%和125.62%。由此得出, 覆盖稻草并加盖黑膜可显著提高与土壤养分循环有关的主要土壤酶活性, 利于提高土壤质量。     

不同耕作条件下豆麦双序列轮作农田土壤温室气体的排放及影响因素研究

为了研究耕作措施对双序列轮作农田土壤温室气体的排放及影响, 采用CO₂分析仪、静态箱 气相色谱法在陇中黄土高原半干旱区对传统耕作不覆盖、免耕不覆盖、免耕秸秆覆盖和传统耕作+秸秆还田4种耕作措施下豆麦双序列轮作农田土壤温室气体(CO₂、N₂O和CH₄)的排放及影响因素进行了连续测定和分析。结果表明: 测定期内4种耕作措施下农田土壤均表现为CO₂源、N₂O源和CH₄净吸收汇; 除传统耕作不覆盖措施, 其他3种耕作措施不同程度地减少了2种轮作序列土壤的N₂O排放通量, 并显著增加了土壤对CH4的吸收。CO₂和N₂O的排放通量分别与地表、地下5 cm处、地下10 cm处的土壤温度呈极显著和显著正相关关系, 相关系数分别为0.92^**和0.89^**、0.95^**和0.91^**、0.77^*和0.62^*; 而CH₄吸收通量与不同地层的温度之间无明显的相关关系; CO₂和CH₄的通量与0~5 cm、5~10 cm的土壤含水量均呈显著正相关关系, 相关系数分别为0.69^*和0.72^*、0.77^*和0.64^*, 而与10~30 cm土壤含水量无明显相关关系; N₂O排放通量与各层次的土壤含水量之间均呈不显著负相关关系。对2种轮作序列各处理下土壤中排放的3种温室气体的增温潜势计算综合得出: 4种耕作措施中, 免耕不覆盖处理可相对减少土壤温室气体的排放量, 进而降低温室效应。     

点云数据抽稀与加密对微地形数据分析的影响

针对不同观测尺度下,大起伏(20cm耕作处理)、微起伏(耙平裸坡处理)两种地形的点云数据进行抽稀、加密处理,选取地表曲率、坡向、地表糙度3种直观的指标对抽稀、加密处理对微地形数据分析的影响进行了评价。结果显示:抽稀与加密处理对于起伏较大的地形曲率影响更为明显,对于起伏较小的地形则影响不显著。5,10mm数据抽稀与加密处理后坡向变化不显著。1mm尺度抽稀地表糙度的影响十分规律,5mm加密与抽稀对于大起伏地形的影响十分复杂,10mm加密对于大起伏地形糙度变化较为复杂,裸坡变化则相对规律。     

冬种黑麦草对6种水稻土重金属含量及晚稻不同器官重金属累积与分配的影响

研究双季稻区6种不同土壤类型冬季种植黑麦草对土壤重金属含量及其对晚稻不同器官重金属积累与分配的影响, 可为水稻质量安全生产和产地安全适宜性评价提供重要参考。本文以7年定位试验为基础, 研究了南方双季稻区冬季种植黑麦草对6种不同水稻土耕层土壤重金属Cd、Pd、Hg和As含量的变化及其对晚稻不同器官重金属积累与分配的影响。结果表明, 在6种不同土壤类型中, 灰泥田土壤Cd含量极显著高于其他土壤类型; 黄泥田土壤Pd含量极显著高于其他土壤类型; 土壤Hg含量以红黄泥田最高, 达0.029 mg kg^-1, 与其他土壤类型差异达极显著水平; 土壤As的含量以黄泥田最高, 为29.5 mg kg^-1, 极显著高于其他土壤类型。6种不同土壤类型晚稻植株Cd、Pb、As含量均为根>茎叶>糙米。在晚稻植株根系、茎叶和糙米的Cd含量以红黄泥田最高, 均极显著高于其他土壤类型; 植株根系Pb、As含量以黄泥田最高, 分别为33.0 mg kg^-1和119.5 mg kg^-1, 均极显著高于其他土壤类型; 河沙泥水稻植株茎叶的Hg、As含量均极显著高于其他土壤类型。说明黄泥田种植水稻有利于降低稻米中重金属含量, 改善稻米品质。     

车辆双离合器自动变速传动技术研究进展分析

双离合器式自动变速从根本上解决了电控机械式自动变速存在的切断动力换挡问题,极大地提高了换挡舒适性,保证了车辆具有良好的动力性与换挡特性.分析了双离合器自动变速传动的工作原理和典型结构,干式单片离合器和湿式多片离合器的结构特点,并对双离合器自动变速传动系统的换挡控制、离合器控制等关键控制问题进行了分析.     

湖北双季稻区免耕直播油菜生长及产量形成

长江流域双季稻区因茬口紧、土壤黏重,晚稻收获后大都未种植下茬作物而形成冬闲田。本研究以华双5号油菜品种为材料,在湖北双季稻区三试验点进行裂区试验,测定油菜各生育期在不同氮素及密度水平下的个体及群体指标,成熟期考察经济性状及产量构成,为双季稻区免耕直播油菜示范及管理提供依据。结果表明：(1)双季稻区免耕直播油菜全生育期尤其是苗期显著缩短,苗期生长量严重不足,蕾薹期至开花期油菜生长快,春发特性明显;(2)氮肥及种植密度水平对双季稻区免耕直播油菜生长及产量有着显著影响,增施氮肥可改善个体素质、增加产量,提高密度可提高群体素质、增加产量;(3)湖北各试点每公顷纯氮用量270 kg、种植密度为45万株及60万株处理的产量均接近或达到2 250 kg hm^–2,超湖北平均单产,说明油菜免耕直播栽培模式可在湖北双季稻区试验示范;(4)生产实践中,应重视氮肥与密度的双重调节,以肥促长、以密补迟,相互配合。