宜兴茶园土壤侵蚀及生态影响

茶园是苏南丘陵坡地的一种典型利用方式 ,其上发生的土壤侵蚀及产生的生态影响不容忽视。而要测度土壤侵蚀 ,137Cs示踪法是目前使用较多的一种有用工具 ,但要用此法 ,需找到研究区的137Cs背景值 ,并建立合适的估算模型。本文在对宜兴茶园研究时 ,确定了这里的137Cs背景值为 2 2 0 0Bqm- 2 ,并建立了估算耕作土壤的较合理的模型h =Hc× (Cref-Ct) /(Cref-Cin)。在此基础上衡量了研究对象的土壤侵蚀量 ;并进一步探讨了由此引发的生态影响 ,包括土层减薄、土壤质地改变和养分流失这样的直接影响 ,以及与之相应的一些间接影响 ,如能耗增加、水体富营养化及土地适宜性变化等 ;并且 ,还采用等值侵蚀模数这个指标 ,在与其他地区尤其是黄土和红壤区比较中揭示了苏南地区土壤侵蚀的生态危害的严重性     

The effect of seeding and tillage methods on productivity of rice–wheat cropping system

Many farmers in southeast Asia are growing rice on unpuddled soil. This practice does not permit breaking of the deadlock of increase in productivity in spite of using high yielding varieties and practising all known scientific technologies. Furthermore, farmers do dry seeding which leads to heavy infestation of weeds and reduces response to other inputs. Similarly, in rice–wheat belt due to short turn around time farmers resort to broadcast sowing of wheat after rice and no data on benefits or otherwise of tillage are available. A field study was therefore conducted for 3 years (1993–1994 to 1995–1996) at the Indian Agricultural Research Institute, New Delhi to study the effect of tillage and seeding methods in rice–wheat cropping system. Treatments included four combinations of two puddling treatments (puddling and no puddling) and two methods of rice seeding (direct seeding and transplanting) in rice and two tillage treatments (zero and conventional tillage) in wheat. Results indicated that puddling increased grain yield of rice by 0.7–1 t ha⁻¹ and of succeeding wheat by 0.2–0.4 t ha⁻¹, straw yield of rice by 0.8–1.7 t ha⁻¹ and of succeeding wheat by 0.1–1.0 t ha⁻¹.

Puddling reduced water requirement of rice by 75 mm ha and increased net return of rice–wheat system by US $175 ha⁻¹. Transplanted rice gave significantly higher grain and straw yields and net returns than direct seeded rice both on puddled and unpuddled seedbed. Conventional tillage in wheat also increased productivity of rice–wheat cropping system significantly over zero tillage after both puddled and non-puddled rice. Our results thus show that rice should be grown on puddled soil and wheat after rice should be sown after conventional tillage.     

Isolation and identification of the most efficient plant growth-promoting bacteria associated with canola (Brassica napus)

 Thirteen of the most abundant Gram-negative bacteria which are able to grow in N-depleted culture conditions were isolated from the rhizoplane and endorhizosphere of canola (Brassica napus) and identified by 16S rDNA sequence analysis. Eight of these bacteria induced a significant increase in root dry weight ranging from 11 to 52%. Phylogenetic positioning based on 16S rDNA sequences indicated that at least four genera are represented, Pseudomonas, Variovorax, Agrobacterium and Phyllobacterium. The most important direct plant growth-promoting-rhizobacteria effect was found with both isolates belonging to the Phyllobacterium. Received: 18 April 2000     

农用小动力机的排气对大气的污染

着重讨论了农用动力机的排气对大气的污染。在对柴油机进行全功率特性试验和自由加速试验的基础上,分析了现有农用动力机在排烟方面存在的问题,并提出今后改进措施。     

注干农药防治光肩星天牛的试验研究

对行道树、防风林杨树采用注干农药方法防治光肩星天牛成虫、幼虫的试验研究结果表明：以长效内吸注干乳油效果最好，具有传导快，杀虫效果好，残效期长的特点。长效内吸注干乳油防治结果：行道树罩笼接虫，成虫死亡率达９２．９％，室内饲喂注于后的枝条，成虫死亡率达９９．９％，大面积防风林成虫死亡率达９４．７％，总体被害率４．４％，幼虫１～２龄死亡率达８９．８％。对比了注干农药和农药涂干的效果，防治１～２龄幼虫注干防效比涂干防效高１８．６％。注于农药方法防治光肩星天牛可提高防治效果，降低防治成本，减少对环境的污染，并可兼防其它食叶性和刺吸性害虫。     

柴油机连杆轴颈磨损量组合预测模型及应用

为了得到更合理、准确的柴油机的磨损预测结果,基于已有的柴油机连杆轴颈磨损数据,结合现代新的预测理论技术,提出一种指数回归灰色理论相结合的组合预测模型.实际应用情况表明,指数回归灰色理论相结合的组合预测模型在4个预测步长内,组合预测的相对误差在1.0%内,比单个预测的精度要高得多.     

水直播稻田杂草综合治理关键性技术的研究

白湖属沿江圩区，其水直播稻田杂草的发生与危害规律为：杂草共１２７种，隶属３７科，９０属，占全国稻田杂草总数的９８．４５％；发生量大且危害严重的恶性杂草有稗草等６种，造成稻谷减产达１６％～６２％；主要杂草群落分３种类型共１０种，其中多元群落占５７．１４％，是优势的危害群落。综合治理的关键性技术主要包括：（１）化学防除配套技术，有土壤处理与苗期施药两项配套技术，以防除禾本科及阔叶杂草２种除草剂复配使用或使用多元复合型混配剂，充分发挥了化学除草的效果。（２）以精细耕整、诱发灭草、适度深耕等耕作技术，中断杂草正常进行的侵染循环。（３）实行水旱轮作，配合使用化学药剂，可以收到最佳的除草效果。（４）强化田间管理，实行保健栽培，可以有效地控制杂草危害，使水稻产量稳步增长，同时节约成本，生态效益明显。（５）将化学除草与农业除草技术配套，达到除草、增产、养地、节省费用的目的。     

用曲轴箱增压改善单缸四冲程柴油机性能的研究

 在X195柴油机空气滤清器,进气管和曲轴箱之间增设单向阀片,利用活塞工作反面来泵气,把进入进气管道的新鲜空气与漏入曲轴箱内的气体一齐压入气缸,以达到增压,降低油耗,减少排放污染的目的。     

不同激素对怀山药不同外植体分化的影响

研究了6-BA、NAA和IBA对怀山药不同外植体分化和植株再生的影响。结果表明:以节为外植体,改良的MS+100 g/L香蕉+0.5mg/L 6-BA+1.00 mg/L NAA+0.5%琼脂+0.5%活性炭+3%蔗糖培养基为最优组合,其分化率达100%;最适根块分化培养基是,改良的MS+100 g/L香蕉+0.5 mg/L 6-BA+0.25 mg/L NAA+0.4 mg/L IBA+0.5%琼脂+0.5%活性炭+3%蔗糖;最适无菌茎段分化培养基是,改良的MS+100 g/L香蕉+0.5 mg/L 6-BA+0.50 mg/L NAA+0.8 mg/L IBA+0.5%琼脂+0.5%活性炭+3%蔗糖;最适无菌叶柄分化培养基是,改良MS+100 g/L香蕉+1.5 mg/L 6-BA+0.25 mg/L NAA+0.5%琼脂+0.5%活性炭+3%蔗糖。     

反相流动注射化学发光法测定白藜芦醇

在氢氧化钠介质中,H2O2协同KIO4氧化鲁米诺产生强化学发光,白藜芦醇可抑制其化学发光强度,据此采用反相流动注射技术,建立了一种定白藜芦醇的化学发光新方法．在优化的实验条件下,该法测定白藜芦醇的检出限为27ng／L,线性范围为8．0×10^-8～7．0×10^-6g／L,对2．0μg／mL的白藜芦醇进行11次平行测定,其相对标准偏差为0．82％,用于实际样品中白藜芦醇的测定,结果令人满意．