玉米全膜双垄沟直插式精量穴播机设计与试验

为适应我国西北地区旱地玉米全膜双垄沟播作业需求,解决传统膜上播种机具作业存在挑膜、撕膜、种穴与幼苗错位等问题,设计了一种玉米全膜双垄沟直插式精量穴播机。该机采用凸轮-曲柄滑块机构、运动放大机构实现了成穴器的投种控制与定点强制开启。仿真分析与田间验证试验表明,直插式精量穴播机在覆膜垄沟播种作业时,成穴器位于播种段与出土段的水平分速为零,播种株距可在一定范围内调节,穴孔布置、成穴器运动轨迹均合理,满足玉米全膜双垄沟播作业的农艺技术要求。     

柴油理化特性对高压共轨柴油机微粒粒度分布的影响

利用TSI EEPS3090微粒粒度测试系统,试验研究了高压共轨柴油机燃用不同理化特性调和柴油时的微粒成分及微粒排放粒度分布特征,揭示了燃料着火性能及燃料组分对微粒排放特性的影响规律。研究结果表明,对于不同着火性能的燃料,中小负荷工况下微粒数量浓度分布曲线大致呈单峰结构,峰值位于30nm附近,排气中绝大多数微粒粒径处于5~300nm之间。适当提高燃料十六烷值,能够缩短滞燃期,增大扩散燃烧期比例,有助于减少核态微粒的排放数量。同时,燃料含硫量对核态微粒排放影响较大,含硫量高将导致核态微粒排放量增加。随十六烷值增加,排气微粒中可溶性有机物质（SOF）比例减小,干碳烟（DS）比例上升。     

基于电磁阀的喷嘴直接注入式农药喷洒系统

设计了一种喷嘴直接注入式农药喷洒系统。通过与传统喷雾机械比较,简述了喷嘴直接注入式喷雾系统的结构和喷雾执行单元。为了实现农药定量注入,设计一种基于电磁原理的快速响应阀,并论述其工作原理和闭环控制方式。通过试验测试了喷雾执行单元的喷雾特性和喷杆组内各喷雾单元的一致性。结果表明在一定喷洒速率范围内,喷雾执行单元的喷水量和水压强存在多项式关系,农药注入量和PWM信号的高电平时间存在指数关系,其决定系数均高于0.9,并且同一喷杆组内6个喷雾单元的喷雾效果大体一致。     

基于Matlab/GUI的汽油机缸内直接喷雾图像处理方法

设计了基于Matlab/GUI的汽油机缸内直接喷雾图像实时处理程序,实现了图像处理的可视化操作。由于汽油挥发性较强,使得汽油机缸内直接喷雾图像相对柴油喷雾图像而言,雾形边界相对模糊,且喷雾图像信噪比较差。为准确提取汽油机缸内直接喷雾研究中所需的喷雾贯穿距、喷雾锥角、周长以及面积等参数,需要在图像处理过程中精确地提取喷雾边界,为此进行了精确的噪声滤波、边缘检测、形态学优化等图像处理。在确定雾形边界后,进一步编写程序计算出喷雾贯穿距、喷雾锥角、喷射速度等参数,实现了喷雾特性参数的实时测量。     

桃树茎部施药的生理基础研究

探讨了茎部施药对桃树的生长及生理基础的影响,并运用灰色系统方法阐述了农药种类,深度及施药方法对叶相对生长率,新梢相对生长率,果实体积,叶绿素含量,净光合速率和防治效果等各考察因素的影响。研究表明,茎部施药效果普遍优于叶面喷药的处理,其中又１：３的久效磷进行茎部施药效果最好。     

流动注射抑制化学发光法测定原花青素的研究

建立了测定葡萄籽提取物中原花青素的流动注射抑制化学发光分析方法。本研究是将一定量的原花青素标准液或样品液与5×10-3 mol/LH 2O 2和3×10-3mol/LKIO 4溶液混合,注入到1×10-5mol/L鲁米诺载流中,以记录到的峰高定量。在碱性条件下,原花青素对鲁米诺 H 2O 2KIO 4体系的化学发光有显著抑制作用,其抑制程度的大小与原花青素的含量成线性关系。方法的线性范围为0.420.0 μg/mL,检出限为0.05 μg/mL;RSD为1.3%。采样频率为240次/h。此法快速简便,可方便地用于葡萄籽提取物中原花青素的测定。第2期刘步明等流动注射抑制化学发光法测定原花青素的研究     

Embryo-mediated genome editing for accelerated genetic improvement of livestock

Selecting beneficial DNA variants is the main goal of animal breeding. However, this process is inherently inefficient because each animal only carries a fraction of all desirable variants. Genome editing technology with its ability to directly introduce beneficial sequence variants offers new opportunities to modernize animal breeding by overcoming this biological limitation and accelerating genetic gains. To realize rapid genetic gain, precise edits need to be introduced into genomically-selected embryos, which minimizes the genetic lag. However, embryo-mediated precision editing by homology-directed repair (HDR) mechanisms is currently an inefficient process that often produces mosaic embryos and greatly limits the numbers of available edited embryos. This review provides a summary of genome editing in bovine embryos and proposes an embryo-mediated accelerated breeding scheme that overcomes the present efficiency limitations of HDR editing in bovine embryos. It integrates embryo-based genomic selection with precise multi-editing and uses embryonic cloning with elite edited blastomeres or embryonic pluripotent stem cells to resolve mosaicism, enable multiplex editing and multiply rare elite genotypes. Such a breeding strategy would enable a more targeted, accelerated approach for livestock improvement that allows stacking of beneficial variants, even including novel traits from outside the breeding population, in the most recent elite genetic background, essentially within a single generation.     

Rapid screening of genetically modified ingredients in soybean and cotton processing by-product and waste using direct qPCR

To develop a simple and fast method for screening genetically modified ingredients from processing by-product and waste, direct quantitative PCR (qPCR) kit-Taqman which omitting multi genomic DNA preparing steps was developed in this study. A total of 18 oil crop processing by-products and wastes including 10 soybean and 8 cotton materials were collected from food processing factories. Compared with 2 commercial direct qPCR kits, conditions of DNA releasing procedure and PCR amplification were optimized. Element screening was performed at the initial step of genetically modified (GM) ingredient testing procedure via direct qPCR. GM event identification was carried out in positive samples by initial screening. Totally 5 screening elements (P–35S, T-NOS, Cp4-epsps, bar and pat) for soybean materials and 6 screening elements (P–35S, T-NOS, NPTII, Cry1Ac, bar and pat) for cotton samples were detected. In GM event identification, MON531 and MON1445 were found in cotton materials. Results were further confirmed by real-time PCR with DNA extraction and purification. The direct qPCR system proposed by this research was convenient for rapid screening and identification of GM ingredients in oil crop primary by-product and waste.     

土霉素对柑橘黄龙病的防治效果及对柑橘产量和品质的影响

为有效防控柑橘黄龙病,于2017年在佛罗里达大学柑橘研究与教育中心的奥本代尔市柑橘试验场进行田间试验筛选黄龙病的防治药剂及其浓度,测定注射土霉素后叶片中柑橘黄龙病菌亚洲种Cadidatus Liberibacter asiaticus、土霉素、淀粉含量、柑橘产量、出汁率、可溶性固形物含量和酸度,显微镜下观察注射土霉素后淀粉粒的分布。结果表明,浓度为1.6g/株土霉素处理180 d后柑橘叶片中黄龙病菌亚洲种含量减少幅度最大,为91.78%;注射浓度为1.6g/株土霉素后7d,叶片中土霉素含量达142.2 μg/kg,注射后11 d叶片中土霉素含量达到最大,为239.8 μg/kg,注射后45 d叶片中土霉素含量低至99.6 μg/kg以下;注射后7~90d,叶片中黄龙病菌亚洲种含量呈波浪形变化,注射90 d后叶片中黄龙病菌亚洲种含量一直处于增长趋势,叶片中黄龙病菌亚洲种含量总体随着土霉素含量的升高而降低;注射浓度为1.6g/株土霉素后,叶片中淀粉含量大幅度下降,60d时达到最低值,为3.3 μg/mm²,90d时达到峰值,为14.5 μg/mm²;单株产量为16.7 kg,与注射浓度为0.8 g/株土霉素处理差异不显著,但均显著高于其它2个处理;柑橘出汁率、可溶性固形物和酸度均与清水对照差异不显著。表明土霉素可有效抑制黄龙病菌亚洲种,减少柑橘叶片内淀粉含量,增加柑橘产量,但对果实品质未产生显著影响。     

红曲红色素替代亚硝酸钠作为腊肉中着色剂的研究

本试验设计使用了红曲色素作为亚硝酸盐的替代品,对其着色作用进行研究.实验中发现红曲红色素可以以注射形式添加到腊肉中,添加量为0.001%.