地下滴灌系统施肥灌溉均匀性的田间试验评估

该文对影响地下滴灌系统性能的两个重要因素施肥装置类型和滴灌带埋深进行了田间评估.施肥装置包括国内外常用的压差式施肥罐、文丘里施肥器和比例施肥泵三种类型,滴灌带埋深包括0、15和30 cm 3个水平.结果表明,滴灌带埋深与施肥装置类型对滴头流量和灌水量均匀性的影响均未达到显著性水平(a=0.05),而施肥装置类型对施肥量均匀性的影响达到极显著水平(a=0.01).对给定的毛管埋深而言,压差式施肥罐的施肥量变差系数高于比例施肥泵和文丘里施肥器.对不同施肥装置的施肥量变差系数与灌水量变差系数之间关系的回归分析结果指出,比例施肥泵和文丘里施肥器的施肥量变差系数与灌水量的变差系数相当,但压差式施肥罐的施肥量变差系数比灌水量变差系数大40%左右.因此在进行微灌系统设计时应将施肥装置类型和性能作为一个因素加以考虑,并宜优先选用输出肥液浓度恒定的施肥装置.     

柴油机应用不同配比生物柴油的经济性和排放特性

生物柴油经济性能和排放特性的试验对研究生物柴油的适用性具有重要意义。该文采用柴油机台架试验,测量了4种不同配比的生物柴油混合燃料的经济性和排放特性。试验结果表明：在不作任何调整的情况下,生物柴油及与石化柴油的混合燃料可以直接应用于柴油机,随着生物柴油掺混比例的增加,柴油机的烟度、碳氢化合物HC和一氧化碳CO有较大幅度的下降,改善了柴油机的排放特性。采用生物柴油掺混比例为10%或20%时,可在柴油机经济性能改变较小情况下,改变柴油机的排放状态并减少污染物排放。     

Can placement of seed away from relic stubble limit Rhizoctonia root rot in direct-seeded wheat?

Rhizoctonia root rot of wheat can be a problem in no-till systems, especially during the transition from conventional tillage. There are no effective chemical controls or resistant varieties, leaving only cultural methods to manage this disease. In a no-till system, residue and inoculum of soilborne pathogens are not moved by cultivation, therefore the inoculum may be concentrated in the seeding row of the previous year. Using GPS tracking systems with sub-meter accuracy, the seeding row could be placed away from the row of the previous year. We tested the hypothesis that seeding away from the relic row may reduce Rhizoctonia root rot. In two field experiments, plants were sampled at three distances from the seed row, as well as from fumigated plots. Intact soil cores were also removed from the field, planted with seeds at various distances from the previous row, and grown in the greenhouse under controlled conditions. Pasteurized cores served as controls. Disease levels were higher in the field in the second year, but there was no consistent effect of seed row placement on disease or plant parameters. However, soil fumigation and pasteurization had significant effects, indicating that soilborne pathogens were active. Inoculum of Rhizoctonia is not produced in the crowns and lower stems of the plant, but the pathogen survives in living and dead roots of the previous year crop, volunteers, and grassy weeds. Thus, high inoculum densities may be present in between the relic rows, as well as within the rows. If this is the situation with Rhizoctonia, precision placement of seed rows would not be efficacious.     

测土配方施肥方法研究

通过田间试验与土壤测试得出:玉米施用钾肥的效应函数及其最佳用量;玉米施用钾肥最大效益与最高产量用量同钾肥增产绝对值、相对值与效益值均存在直线正相关;玉米钾肥最佳用量同土壤有效钾测定值存在着密切的直线负相关。在明确上述问题的基础上,提出应用土壤有效钾测定值直接推荐玉米施用钾肥的最佳用量方法。同时,依据土壤有效钾测得值与玉米钾肥最佳用量的相关模式,提出了土壤有效钾在不同含量水平条件下,玉米施用钾肥最大效益与最高产量的推荐量。     

乙醇柴油发动机的颗粒排放及其热解动力学分析

利用热重分析仪对柴油机燃用0#柴油和乙醇柴油排放的颗粒进行热重及其动力学分析。研究表明,柴油中添加乙醇有助于降低柴油机的颗粒排放。通过颗粒的热重分析得出,颗粒氧化过程主要发生水分挥发、可溶性物质氧化和固体碳氧化3个过程,其中,固体碳约占颗粒总量的70%,可溶性有机物约占颗粒总量的25%。通过Coats-Redfern法对颗粒热重数据进行动力学计算分析,得出柴油机燃用0#柴油的颗粒的活化能为130.3 kJ/mol,燃用乙醇柴油的颗粒的热解活化能为122.9 kJ/mol,两拟合曲线的线性回归系数均大于0.99。为开发高效的颗粒催化剂及柴油机颗粒捕集器选择适当的可再生技术提供理论依据。     

两种新型制剂对人工诱发鸡白痢的疗效观察

为了评价头孢噻呋不同剂型、不同用法对革兰氏阴性菌所致鸡病的临床疗效。采用3日龄雏鸡人工诱发鸡白痢,接种后5小时分别对6组试验鸡给以不同剂量头孢噻呋混悬液(注射)和头孢噻呋钠冻干粉(灌服),每天一次,连用三天,同时对另3组试验鸡用硫酸粘杆菌素、氟苯尼考、氨苄西林混悬注射液作药物治疗对照。用药后15天试验结果表明:头孢噻呋治疗组的平均死亡率为8 3%,对照药物治疗组的死亡率分别为26 6%(氨苄西林混悬注射液)、10 0%(硫酸粘杆菌素)、23 3%(氟苯尼考)。头孢噻呋组的平均治愈率为87 75%,对照药物治疗组的治愈率分别为70%(氨苄西林混悬注射液)、76 6%(硫酸粘杆菌素)、63 3%(氟苯尼考)。头孢噻呋的治疗效果在死亡率、有效率和治愈率的指标比较上,均显著高于对照药物;头孢噻呋混悬液和冻干粉在同剂量水平比较上,疗效无统计学差异;两剂型高、中剂量组的疗效均高于低剂量组。     

电子燃油喷射供油系试验台的设计

介绍一种电子燃油喷射供油系试验台的设计方案。该试验台简单实用，造价低。它不仅能检测油泵和喷油器的性能，还可清洗喷油器     

Control of insect pests using trunk injection in a newly established apple orchard

We evaluated the potential for using preplant trunk injections of emamectin benzoate in nonbearing apple trees. Trees were evaluated for pest injury and emamectin residues throughout the planting season and into the following year. Injections into the trunk best delivered emamectin benzoate to the canopy compared with injections into the taproot, and the higher rate reduced insect pests more than the lower rate. In the following year, differences in insect control between trunk and root injections were less pronounced, but the higher rate of emamectin benzoate persisted longer and better reduced pests relative to the other treatments.     

Protective effect of Huangqi injection combined with puerarin injection on myocardium of type 2 diabetes mice

AIM:To investigate the effect of Huangqi injection combined with puerarin injection on the myocardium of the mice with type 2 diabetes. METHODS:Diabetic KKAy mice were randomly divided into model group and treatment group (Huangqi injection combined with puerarin injection). The male KKAy mice of the same age were used as control group. All mice were sacrificed at 21, 24 and 28 weeks. Morphological changes of the myocardium were observed by HE staining. Apoptosis of the cardiomyocytes was measured by TUNEL staining. The mRNA levels of glucose-regulated protein 78(GRP78), C/EBP hoinologous protein (CHOP) and p53 up-regulated modulator of apoptosis (PUMA) were detected by real-time PCR, and the protein levels of GRP78, CHOP, PUMA, caspase-3, cleaved caspase-3, caspase-9, cleaved caspase-9, poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase (PARP) and cleaved PARP were determined by Western blot. RESULTS:Cardiomyocyte hypertrophy, partly dissolved sarcoplasm and necrosis were observed in model group, and these lesion were alleviated in treatment group. Obvious increased apoptosis in model group and significantly decreased apoptosis of cardiomyocytes in treatment group was observed (P<0.05). At 21, 24 and 28 weeks, the mRNA and protein levels of GRP78, CHOP and PUMA and the protein levels of cleaved caspase-3, cleaved caspase-9 and cleaved PARP in model group were increased significantly as compared with control group (P<0.01), and these in treated group were decreased compared with model group. CONCLUSION:Huangqi injection combined with puerarin injection has cardioprotective effects on type 2 diabetes mice and its mechanism of the action was implemented via inhibiting the activation of endoplasmic reticulum stress and caspase pathway, thus resulting in suppressed apoptosis.     

Analysis of residuals for stability assessment of rice genotypes

The analysis of residuals computes general adaptabilities (GAs) and specific adaptabilities (SAs) of genotypes similar to combining ability analysis. The residual analysis is simple and robust being based on the first-degree statistics, and is assumption-free. A unique statistic of ratio of variances (VR) of residuals for individual genotypes allows comparing their stability. The residuals analysis of genotype × environment (GE) interactions was performed for grain yield (t ha^?1) of 25 rice (Oryza sativa L.) genotypes, including two developed by marker-assisted selection for root traits quantitative trait loci (QTL), tested across 16 sites. Results were compared with the linear regression analysis for (i) full set of 16 sites showing adequacy of linear model and (ii) subset of nine-poor sites showing inadequacy of linear model. There was agreement between the two analyses for situation (i) but not for situation (ii) when the regression analysis fails because of nonlinearity but the residual analysis retains its validity.