Quantitative verification of the correspondence between the Welfare Quality® operational definition of farm animal welfare and the opinion of Flemish farmers,citizens and vegetarians

The Welfare Quality® project has developed an operational definition of farm animal welfare, which consists of 12 criteria grouped into four principles (‘good feeding’, ‘good housing’, ‘good health’ and ‘appropriate behaviour’). As part of a larger survey, 204 farmers, 72 vegetarians, and a representative sample of 459 adult citizens in Flanders (Belgium) scored the importance of each of the 12 criteria on a 1–10 scale, and divided 100 points across the four principles according to the perceived relative weights for farm animal welfare. These data were analysed to verify quantitatively whether (1) the grouping of 12 criteria into the four principles, and (2) the relative weights used by Welfare Quality® for aggregating the 12 criteria into an overall welfare judgement correspond with the perception of these three stakeholder groups from a region and setting not previously covered by Welfare Quality® studies. Moreover, the effects of various socio-demographic variables on the importance allocated to the welfare criteria and principles were investigated. Vegetarians and females gave consistently higher importance scores to all 12 criteria as compared with farmers, citizens and males, respectively, particularly for the (criteria belonging to the) principle ‘appropriate behaviour’. Farmers allocated more weight to ‘good feeding’ than did vegetarians or citizens. These differences confirm that farmers view animal welfare more in terms of biological functioning (instead of affective states or natural living) as compared to other citizens, and vegetarians in particular. As the concept has a different meaning to different people, any operational definition of animal welfare is unlikely to match equally well with the perception of every single stakeholder group or person. The structure of the Welfare Quality® operational definition with the 12 criteria aggregated into four principles, corresponds well with the opinion of the stakeholders as they judged all 12 criteria as rather important to extremely important for farm animal welfare. Factor analysis restricted to contain four factors confirmed the grouping of the criteria into the correct principles. Exploratory factor analysis using Eigenvalues > 1 as extraction criterion indicated, however, that from the citizen perspective two principles (‘good feeding & health’ and ‘appropriate behaviour & housing’) rather than four would suffice. The main discrepancy with the Welfare Quality® approach concerns the aggregation procedure: the stakeholders did not consider all four principles as equally important, and the relative importance allocated to criteria corresponded poorly across principles. Some of these discrepancies were consistent across the three different stakeholder groups.     

直榫榫眼形状的数学描述

将包络加工法和开榫工艺结合起来,使传统工艺方法数学化,提出了圆头直榫榫眼和斜面直榫榫槽的数学模型,为直榫形状的视频再现提供了数学方法。     

Assessment of flexural properties of different grade dimension lumber by ultrasonic technique

The dimension lumber （45mm×90mm×3700mm） of plantation Chinese fir （Cunninghamia lanceolata （Lamb.） Hook.） was graded to four different classes as SS, No. 1, No.2 and No.3, according to national lumber grades authority （NLGA） for structure light framing and structure joists and planks. The properties of apparent density was determined at 15% moisture content, bending strength and stiffness were tested according to American Society for Testing and Materials （ASTM） D198-99, and dynamic modulus of elasticity （Eusw） was measured by ultrasonic technique, for predicting the flexural properties of different grade lumbers. The results showed that Eosw was larger than the static MOE. The relationship between Eusw and static MOE was significant at 0.01 level, and the determination coefficients （R2） of the four grade lumbers followed the sequence as R^2No.2 （0.616）〉 R^2ss （0.567）〉 R^2No1 （0.366）〉 R^2No.3 （0.137）. The R^2 of Fusw and MOR were lower than that of the Etru and MOR for each grade. The Eusw of all the grade lumbers, except No.3-grade, had significant correlation with the static MOE and MOR, thus the bending strengthof those grade lumbers can be estimated by the E The Etru valuesof four grade lumbers followed a sequence as No.2-grade （10.701 GPa） 〉 SS-grade （10.359 GPa） 〉 No.l-grade （9.840 GPa） 〉 No.3-grade （9.554 GPa）. For the same grade dimension lumber, its Eusw value was larger than static MOE. Mean values of MOR for four grade lumbers follow a sequence as No.2-grade （48.67 MPa） 〉 SS-grade （48.16 MPa） 〉 No.3-grade （46.55 MPa） 〉 No. 1-grade （43.39MPa）.     

热压机活动横梁结构刚度理论分析

压机是人造板工业中的重要设备之一,多层压机的出现大大地提高了劳动生产率。在多层热压机中,活动横梁是压机主要运动部件,它由肋板和压板焊接而成,并与油缸活塞杆联接传递压力,目前在人造板生产中,要保证压力场的均匀,人造板面的平整,要求活动横梁有足够的强度和刚度,通常压机设计时,对活动横梁往往采取类比的方法,使得活动横梁结构尺寸增大,造成了材料的浪费。为此,本文详细分析了热压机活动横梁肋板的合理排列,尺寸的选择与刚度的关系,其结果有一定的实用价值。     

环境湿度对白桦木材尺寸稳定性的影响

对白桦木材在不同环境湿度下的尺寸稳定性进行了试验研究,试验表明:白桦小试件的含水率随环境湿度变化的时间较短,在正常的湿环境中1~2d内就与周围的环境达到平衡;较大尺寸的家具拼板材在干燥的环境中解吸速度较慢,需要较长的时间,同样在潮湿的环境中吸湿较慢,要达到与周围的环境相平衡同样需要比小试件更长的吸湿时间。     

低碳农业评估数学模型的研究

为系统了解各种农业生产过程中不同农艺措施与温室气体排放的定量关系,对农业生产过程中涉及温室气体排放和固碳的环节进行了详细梳理分析,并采用量纲分析法建立了低碳农业评估数学模型。利用模型可计算得到各种农业生产过程中的具体碳消耗量、温室气体排放量、温室气体回收利用量以及碳储存量,并可综合评估区域农业温室气体排放水平。     

农产品交易性质分析

农业产业化经营组织形式创新和选择的依据在于农产品交易的性质,对农产品交易性质的深入分析和准确把握也就成为推进农业产业化的关键。决定农产品交易性质的维度既有资产专用性、不确定性、交易频率这样一般交易所具有的维度,也有产品易损性、质量控制难易程度、市场远近等农产品交易的特有维度。交易刚性是一个区分农产品交易性质的有用的综合指标,它使得农产品交易与农业组织制度的匹配分析更具操作性。     

用投影寻踪降维方法估测冬小麦叶绿素密度

为综合更多有效信息来提高冬小麦叶绿素密度的估测精度,应用投影寻踪降维方法对条锈病胁迫下冬小麦冠层光谱进行降维,生成一维向量,然后采用支持向量机回归方法对其叶绿素密度进行估测,并与高光谱植被指数估测结果进行了比较。结果表明,以小麦冠层一阶微分光谱与叶绿素密度相关性较高的波段(400~500nm、720~770nm和840~870nm)进行投影寻踪降维得到的最优一维向量为自变量,利用支持向量机回归方法构建的冠层叶绿素密度估测模型的精度最高,决定系数为0.867,均方根误差与相对误差均最小,分别为1.135μg·cm-2和13.6%。说明利用投影寻踪降维技术对条锈病胁迫下冬小麦冠层光谱进行降维处理,可以保留有效信息,提高冬小麦叶绿素密度估测精度。     

国外水果分级技术

 本文介绍国外按水果大小、重量,对光线反射性,射线透过性等来进行分级装置的各种结构型式,为减少损伤而采取的湿法和干法卸装工艺以及整个分级流水线的总体布置情况.     

刍议多元文化背景下大学生领导力教育的两个维度

《国家中长期教育改革和发展规划纲要（2010-2020）》指出,要＂着力培养信念执著、品德优良、知识丰富、本领过硬的高素质专门人才和拔尖创新人才＂,体现了高等教育改革对大学生领导力教育的基本要求。多元文化背景下,与时俱进地实施中国化的大学生领导力教育,必须注意把握民族性和全球性两个维度。这样,既可以从宏观上把握大学生领导力教育的性质和方向问题,也可以从微观上借鉴不同文化大学生领导力教育的基本方法和技术手段。在此基础上,立足我国高校实际,反思我国大学生领导力教育方略,努力构建我国大学生领导力教育理论,是大学生综合素质教育的当代重要议程。