铧式犁体六分力测量的研究

本文介绍了陕西省陕南、陕北、关中三个自然地理环境条件下,在育代表性的土壤上,1L—330型北方系列犁体的“六分力”测定结果。为研制适于上述条件的新型犁体,提供了较可靠的外载荷资料。文章还简要介绍了国内外铧式犁外栽荷测量研究情况。可供有关测试及设计人员参考。     

玉米根茬收获机设计与试验

为了实现根茬的挖掘、捡拾、根土分离与放铺等联合收获作业,研制了一种偏置式挖掘铲刀和三辊机构。通过分析偏置式挖掘铲刀的挖掘特性,以及三辊机构的运动学特性,确定了工作部件的结构参数及运动参数。田间试验表明,偏置式挖掘铲刀挖掘根茬效果好,三辊机构具有较好的捡拾、根土分离和放铺能力,根茬收获机的根茬起挖率、捡拾率和放铺率均大于90%,满足设计和使用要求。     

Measurements of Mouldboard Plow Draft: I. Spectrum Analysis and Filtering

Measurements of mouldboard plow draft can potentially provide a useful tool for continuously mapping, as a surrogate variable, crop limiting soil properties such as soil strength/compaction. Numerous researchers have shown that loading on tillage tools can be periodic. One source of higher frequency periodic loading has been related to failure modes in the soil. Lower frequency periodic loading on tillage tools, assuming tillage depth is relatively constant, more often reflects local spatial variability in soil physical properties such as soil moisture, soil texture, organic matter, and/or soil strength/compaction. This study presents a spectrum and cross-spectrum analysis of mouldboard draft recorded during normal fall plowing operations along adjacent transects. One objective of this study was to determine the dominant periodic components in order to elucidate meaningful frequencies which might be better related to variation in soil physical properties. Spectral densities were generally dominated by signals with a few cycles per 300-m transect. The cross-amplitude and squared coherency between draft recorded on adjacent transects provided further indication of the frequencies which characterized the signals because they provide an indication of correlation as a function of frequency. Spatial dependence in the data was quantified using spatial autocorrelation and cross-correlation. An additional objective was to use the spectral information to help design more physically meaningful filters for the raw draft data. Taking the Fast Fourier Transform of the raw draft data and filtering in the frequency domain using an optimal filter informed via the spectrum and cross-spectrum analysis, provided a convenient method for isolating a more physically meaningful signal.     

基于单片机的小型犁耕机自动调平系统设计

实现丘陵地区坡耕地机械化耕作,对于全面提高该地区农业机械化水平和实现农业可持续发展具有重要意义。但是,耕作机械的倾斜作业不仅对土壤的硬底层造成破坏,而且还影响到耕作平整度和深度等耕作性能指标,导致耕作效果不理想和作业效率较低等问题。针对丘陵地区现有的耕作机械只能在坡度较小的耕地上作业的现状,本文采用倾角控制调平策略,以AT89C51单片机为控制器、液压油缸为执行元件、倾角传感器为反馈元件,设计一套适用于丘陵地区的小型犁耕机的自动调平系统,其主要由耕作机构、整机机身、调平控制机构和自动调平控制系统四个部分组成。该系统具有调平速度快、精度高和操作简单等特点,能保持小型犁耕机的平稳性,提高了小型犁耕机在丘陵地区作业时的稳定性及坡地适应性。     

Measurements of Mouldboard Plow Draft: II. Draft-Soil-Crop and Yield-Draft Associations

The primary objective of this investigation was to evaluate some potential causal associations between draft derived from a 3-bottom mouldboard plow during normal fall field operations and soil-crop properties at a field site near Winchester, Ontario, Canada. A secondary objective was to investigate, in a preliminary manner, associations between draft and crop yield (corn, soybean, and wheat). Regression tree analysis indicated that draft variability was best explained by field location, crop type, soil cone penetration resistance in the plow layer, and soil texture in the plow layer. Draft was found to generally increase with cone penetration resistance in the plow layer and soil clay content. Corn yields were negatively associated with draft. The reverse was true for the soybean yields, and a combination of negative and positive draft vs. yield relationships existed for the wheat plots. The overall results indicated that draft data collected during normal field operations can be useful for producers interested in identifying areas in the field where soil strength/compaction might be problematic with regard to crop yields.     

4CX-1型大葱收获机的研究

4CX-1型大葱收获机是一种三点悬挂牵引式大葱收获机械。拖拉机作为配套动力牵引机架前行;PTO后动力输出作为驱动动力,带动刀盘式开沟器旋转,在大葱葱垄靠近拖拉机一侧开取沟槽,后刀深入沟槽底部,在葱垄底部切割抬升葱垄,松动大葱包络土壤,起到大葱收获的目的。其制造成本较低;同时可以适用于多种块茎类作物的收获,具有很好的通用性强;以拖拉机作为配套动力操作方便,适用于中国大葱的小规模种植模式。     

Extending results from agricultural fields with intensively monitored data to surrounding areas for water quality management

A 45% reduction in riverine total nitrogen flux from the 1980-1996 time period is needed to meet water quality goals in the Mississippi Basin and Gulf of Mexico. This paper addresses the goal of reducing nitrogen in the Mississippi River through three objectives. First, the paper outlines an approach to the site-specific quantification of management effects on nitrogen loading from tile drained agriculture using a simulation model and expert review. Second, information about the net returns to farmers is integrated with the nitrogen loading information to assess the incentives to adopt alternative management systems. Third, the results are presented in a decision support framework that compares the rankings of management systems based on observed and simulated values for net returns and nitrogen loading. The specific question addressed is how information about the physical and biological processes at Iowa State University’s Northeast Research Farm near Nashua, Iowa, could be applied over a large area to help farmers select management systems to reduce nitrogen loading in tile drained areas. Previous research has documented the parameterization and calibration of the RZWQM model at Nashua to simulate 35 management system effects on corn and soybean yields and N loading in tileflow from 1990 to 2003. As most management systems were studied for a 6 year period and in some cases weather had substantial impacts, a set of 30 alternative management systems were also simulated using a common 1974-2003 input climate dataset. To integrate an understanding of the economics of N management, we calculated net returns for all management systems using the DevTreks social budgeting tool. We ranked the 35 observed systems in the Facilitator decision support tool using N loading and net returns and found that rankings from simulated results were very similar to those from the observed results from both an onsite and offsite perspective. We analyzed the effects of tillage, crop rotation, cover crops, and N application method, timing, and amount for the 30 long term simulations on net returns and N loading. The primary contribution of this paper is an approach to creating a quality assured database of management effects on nitrogen loading and net returns for tile drained agriculture in the Mississippi Basin. Such a database would systematically extend data from intensively monitored agricultural fields to the larger area those fields represent.     

机械深松营造"土壤水库"工程技术在兰州地区的推广研究

旱作区耕地的“犁底层”已成为农业耕作的一大障碍。介绍了机械深松营造“土壤水库”工程技术及推广研究中采用的方法和主要技术措施;综述了在兰州地区推广应用情况及对比试验结果;并分析探讨机械深松营造“土壤水库”工程技术的增产机理。经过分析认为,该技术是旱作区农业增效农民增收的有效途径,推广前景十分广阔。     

基于Solidwork的拖拉机耕犁装置的设计与仿真

犁耕装置是农业生产过程中非常重要的土壤耕作机具,其核心部件是犁片结构,但犁片是曲面形状,其设计和优化过程较为困难。为此,提出了一种基于Solid Works软件的耕犁装置设计和仿真优化方法,有效地提高了犁耕装置的设计效率。以30系列悬挂铧式犁耕装置为例,对其结构和参数性能进行了分析,然后根据其结构参数建立了犁耕装置的三维模型,并以犁片为研究对象,对其进行了运动仿真。由建模和仿真结果可以看出:采用Solid Works软件可以成功实现犁耕装置犁片和土壤的三维建模,运用其运动仿真功能成功实现了耕犁作业的运动动画的制作,为耕犁装置的优化设计提供了一种新的方案。     

麦秸还田下翻耕和不同水肥管理措施对稻田理化性质及水稻产量的影响

稻麦轮作系统中,还田麦秸腐解产生的毒害物质会对水稻产生不利影响。为有效减缓秸秆还田带来的负面影响,筛选适宜的耕作和水肥管理措施,通过设置翻耕（FS+PT）、泡田换水（FS+WR,2 d泡田后换水施肥）、延长泡田时间（FS+IP,施肥后泡田7d）、延长泡田时间并推迟施肥（FS+IP+FP,泡田7 d后再施肥）处理的田间小区试验,同时设置不施秸秆和化肥（CK）、单施化肥（F）、单施秸秆（S）以及施秸秆和化肥（FS）处理,比较在施用秸秆和化肥的基础上,翻耕和不同水肥管理措施对稻田理化性质及水稻产量的影响。结果表明：延长泡田时间的两个处理（FS+IP和FS+IP+FP）能有效降低稻田田面水酚酸含量;秸秆还田配合不同水肥管理措施处理稻田田面水氮磷含量明显低于F处理;合理的施用秸秆能有效促进水稻生长发育,特别是FS+PT处理,其水稻有效穗数比秸秆还田FS处理提高19.9%,其次为FS+WR处理,比FS处理提高15.2%。研究表明,翻耕、泡田换水、延长泡田时间等水肥管理措施均能有效减缓麦秸还田对水稻生长带来的负面效应,进而促进植物养分吸收及增加作物产量;考虑环境风险等综合效应,在麦秸还田时采用翻耕和延长泡田时间是较好的稻田田间管理措施。