驱动式圆盘耕作外载特性

驱动式圆盘犁是８０年代新出现的节能型耕作机具。采用专门制作的试验装置对驱动式耕作圆盘的外载六分力进行了田间测定，在２类３种土壤中测得了不同转速、不同耕速、不岑及耕深条件下的六分力数据并进行了，针其与被动式四川省肋进行了对比。归纳出六分力的变化规律及典型土壤条件六分力数据，所得结构可作为驱动式圆盘犁设计的依据。     

土层置换犁消除豆田残留除草剂药害的效果

为探索消除豆田残留除草剂对后作药害的新途径,本研究采用生物鉴定的方法,以甜菜为指示植物查明了豆田残留除草剂主要分布在0～10 cm土层中,向下层逐渐减少,20 cm以下土层为安全土层。自主设计的土层置换犁实现了将0～20 cm土层和20～40 cm土层位置转换,即所谓的土层置换。应用该犁在有残留除草剂污染的豆茬上实施土层置换改土作业后,连续2年调查作物产量结果显示,土层置换区比对照区甜菜、马铃薯等作物长势好、杂草数量少;改土后种植甜菜,第1年、第2年分别比未改土的对照增产468.9%和805.7%;种植马铃薯分别增产177.1%和31.0%;种植玉米（第2年）增产2.0%。种植连作大豆（第2年）增产6.5%。同时在未受到残留除草剂污染的土壤上实施土层置换作业后,第1年种植马铃薯和甜菜分别比对照减产3.1%和5.6%、第2年种植马铃薯和玉米,分别增产27.0%和5.2%。研究结果可为修复残留除草剂污染土壤、消除作物连作障碍和促进种植业结构提供技术支撑。     

Tillage-induced CO2 loss across an eroded landscape

Soil carbon (C) losses and soil translocation from tillage operations have been identified as causes of soil degradation and soil erosion. The objective of this work was to quantify the variability in tillage-induced carbon dioxide (CO₂) loss by moldboard (MP) and chisel (CP) plowing across an eroded landscape and relate the C loss to soil properties. The study site was a 4 ha wheat (Triticum aestivum L. cv. Marshall) field with rolling topography and five soil types in the Svea-Barnes complex in west central Minnesota (N. Latitude = 45°41′W, Longitude = 95°43′). Soil properties were measured at several depths at a 10 m spacing along north–south (N–S) and west–east (W–E) transects through severely eroded, moderately eroded and non-eroded sites. Conventional MP (25 cm deep) and CP (15 cm deep) equipment were used along the pre-marked transects. Gas exchange measurements were obtained with a large, portable chamber within 2 m of each sample site following tillage. The measured CO₂ fluxes were largest with the MP > CP > not tilled (before tillage). The variation in 24 h cumulative CO₂ flux from MP was nearly 3-fold on the N–S transect and 4-fold on the W–E transect. The surface soil organic C on the transects was lowest on the eroded knolls at 5.1 g C kg⁻¹ and increased to 19.6 g C kg⁻¹ in the depositional areas. The lowest CO₂ fluxes were measured from severely eroded sites which indicated that the variation in CO₂ loss was partially reflected by the degradation of soil properties caused by historic tillage-induced soil translocation with some wind and water erosion.

The spatial variation across the rolling landscape complicates the determination of non-point sources of soil C loss and suggests the need for improved conservation tillage methods to maintain soil and air quality in agricultural production systems.     

Low nitrogen availability and shallow plow layer decrease sugarcane (Saccharum officinarum L.) productivity in Kitadaito Island,Japan

Sugarcane is the main crop in Kitadaito Island, Okinawa, Japan. The average yield in Kitadaito Island for the past 30 years (1985–2015) was 44 Mg ha^?1, 31% lower than that (64 Mg ha^?1) in Okinawa Prefecture. Among the reasons for the low sugarcane productivity in Kitadaito Island, the effects of soil and cultivation factors have not been sufficiently studied. The objectives of this study were i) to evaluate the effects of soil physical and chemical properties and cultivation factors on sugarcane yield and sugar content in 50 fields of Kitadaito Island, and ii) to clarify factors affecting the sugarcane yield and sugar content. Statistical analysis of classification and regression trees (CART) showed that the sugarcane yield was low in fields with low available nitrogen (less than 16.5 mg kg^?1) and with shallow plow layer depth (less than 29 cm). The soil available nitrogen had a significant positive correlation with soil humus (r = 0.39, P < 0.05). Two-times of subsoiling in the field before planting and during growing periods resulted in the significant increase of the depth of plow layer, compared to the fields with single and no subsoiling. A high sugar content was obtained in fields with exchangeable Mg more than 3.8 cmol_c kg^?1 and pH(H₂O) less than 7.2. Our study therefore concluded that soil management practices for sugarcane production in Kitadaito Island should primarily be focused on available nitrogen, plow layer depth, and soil exchangeable Mg and pH.     

不同耕法及秸秆还田对土壤水分运移变化的影响

[目的]探讨不同耕法与秸秆还田方式下,旱地草甸土土壤水分随深度运移的变化,为今后生产中因地制宜制定科学合理的耕作与培肥技术提供理论依据。[方法]采用田间定位试验,研究3种耕法免耕、浅翻、深翻与3种秸秆还田方式覆盖还田、浅翻还田、深翻还田条件下,作物生长不同时期、不同深度土层土壤含水量、田间持水量和容重的变化。[结果]土壤水分的年际间变化与降水量和降水变率有一定的关系。秸秆不还田条件下,连续2 a免耕,年际间土壤含水量随深度变化的特征曲线基本一致,0—20 cm耕层田间持水量降低13.62%,而浅翻与深翻分别增加11.32%和27.98%;耕翻深度对20—30 cm土层水分的影响较大,随作物生长和地表覆盖度增加,40 cm以下土层含水量的变化减弱。秸秆还田条件下,0—20 cm耕层浅翻还田与深翻还田田间持水量分别增加16.24%,5.08%,而土壤容重降低0.12,0.09 g/cm~3。[结论]同一耕法有秸秆还田处理土壤水分含量高于无秸秆还田,降水量越少,差异越明显。与免耕和免耕覆盖比较,翻耕与翻耕还田均增加了作物生长期间土壤含水量,提高了作物抗旱能力,产量有增加趋势。     

基于气压劈裂原理的气压深松效果试验

针对传统深松方式存在深松影响范围小、程度不均匀、能耗大的问题,该文基于气压劈裂原理与技术,提出了一种新的旱作耕地深松方式-气压深松,即向耕地土壤中注入高压气体,利用气压劈裂原理与技术使土壤内形成裂隙从而实现土壤深松的新方式。并以土壤孔隙度、土壤孔隙度提升率和土面抬升量为评价指标,通过模拟试验,研究分析气压深松方式的效果得出:气压深松使土壤中空气的比例增大、土壤体积膨胀、土面抬升,高压气体在土壤内部形成裂隙,土壤孔隙度大面积变大。表明气压深松可有效打破犁底层,具有良好的深松效果。另外,气压深松与传统的铲式深松相比,具有深松影响范围大、深松程度高、深松均匀等特点。     

转叶式切土刀助推效果的研究

对犁式开沟机助推装置-转叶式切土刀的运动学及动力学进行了较详细的理论分析，提出了运动参数优化设计，水平推力简化计算方法及最大推力的计算公式。田间试验及检测结果表明：理论计算与实际情况基本吻合；切土刀转速与前进速度匹配合理，则助推效果明显。以此方法设计试制的双犁开沟机，已成功应用于苏南烂湿地区的开沟作业。     

犁体曲面的三维建模及曲面分析

应用三维CAD软件设计犁体曲面是目前先进的技术,可省略许多复杂的计算,同时可降低成本。先确定计算主要参数,而后分析传统犁体曲面的设计方法和三维CAD软件建模的方法,找出有共性的点,线,面,再通过计算得到导曲线和直元线,导曲线可用箭状曲率分析命令进行曲线光顺度分析。设计出的犁体曲面先用旋转和放大命令直接观查是否有缺陷,其后可用曲面分析的方法全面分析性能曲线;翻土曲线等如达不到要求可修改参数自动更新图形。     

悬挂参数对驱动式圆盘犁耕深的影响

通过理论分析说明了驱动式圆盘犁瞬心 π1的位置随悬挂参数的改变而发生变动 ,并利用田间六分力测定的结果进行实例计算 .计算结果反映了悬挂参数的变化在相当大程度上影响了驱动式圆盘犁的入土力矩 .在此基础上 ,进行了田间试验 ,试验结果和前面的分析计算相一致 ,表明悬挂参数是影响驱动式圆盘犁耕深的一个重要因素 .