Experimental studies on cold survival of enchytraeid cocoons

The effect of different culture methods, cold acclimation and desiccation on the supercooling point (SCP), the melting point (MP) of fluids and the quantity of water freezing (osmotically active water) was investigated in individual cocoons of Enchytraeus crypticus and an undescribed Enchytraeus species using differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) techniques. Both species can be easily cultured in the laboratory in agar where the development and hatching of the worms can be observed. Culture methods (agar with nettle leaves or oats as food and wet filter paper without food supply) had a significant effect on fresh weight and SCP of E. crypticus cocoons. The water content (as a proportion of fresh weight) was slightly lower in the cocoons from the wet filter paper cultures. Acclimation at —3 °C did not affect the supercooling ability of E. crypticus cocoons, whereas the SCP of E. sp.1 cocoons was lowered from a mean of —8.7 to —12.4 °C. The supercooling ability of cocoons of E. crypticus was only slightly increased by desiccation and cold acclimation, but the quantity of frozen water was significantly reduced with acclimation and desiccation (2 and 3 min) at room temperature. The MP values of the cocoon fluids reflected these changes in both species. No cocoons of E. crypticus and E. sp.1 survived desiccation and freezing in our experiments and no worms of Enchytraeus albidus, E. crypticus and Henlea perpusilla survived freezing to —10 or —20 °C.     

Different responses in bulk density and saturated hydraulic conductivity to soil deformation by logging machinery on a Ferralsol under native forest

Ferralsols have high structural stability, although structural degradation has been observed to result from forest to tillage or pasture conversion. An experimental series of forest skidder passes in an east Amazonian natural forest was performed for testing the effects of mechanical stress during selective logging operations on a clay‐rich Ferralsol under both dry and wet soil conditions. Distinct ruts formed up to 25 cm depth only under wet conditions. After nine passes the initially very low surface bulk density of between 0.69 and 0.80 g cm^?3 increased to 1.05 g cm^?3 in the wet soil and 0.92 g cm^?3 in the dry soil. Saturated hydraulic conductivities, initially >250 mm h^?1, declined to a minimum of around 10 mm h^?1 in the wet soil after the first pass, and in the dry soil more gradually after nine passes. The contrasting response of bulk density and saturated hydraulic conductivity is explained by exposure of subsoil material at the base of the ruts where macrostructure rapidly deteriorated under wet conditions. We attribute the resultant moderately high hydraulic conductivities to the formation of stable microaggregates with fine sand to coarse silt textures. We conclude that the topsoil macrostructure of Ferralsols is subject to similar deterioration to that of Luvisols in temperate zones. The stable microstructure prevents marked compaction and decrease in hydraulic conductivity under wetter and more plastic soil conditions. However, typical tropical storms may regularly exceed the infiltration capacity of the deformed soils. In the deeper ruts water may concentrate and cause surface run‐off, even in gently sloping areas. To avoid soil erosion, logging operations in sloping areas should therefore be restricted to dry soil conditions when rut formation is minimal.     

几种包膜缓控释肥粒养分释放特征的研究

采用水浸泡法对国内外4种包膜控释肥料的养分释放特性进行了系统的研究。结果表明,4种缓控释肥料的初期溶出率均小于12%,微分溶出率在0.4%～1.5%之间,这符合国际上公认的缓/控释肥的评价标准,初期溶出率小于15%、微分溶出率在0.25%～2.5%之间。采用水浸泡法测定包膜控释肥料养分释放特征,简便快速,检测时间短,重复次数少,养分浓度变化直接反映出包膜控释肥料的释放速率特性,还可以定量的测定其供肥性能,控释肥料有控制养分释放、延长供应时间的作用;其中腐殖酸和炭基有利于提高肥料颗粒的水稳定性,减缓养分的释放速率。     

玉米灰斑病菌致病性分化研究

从我国玉米品种资源中首次成功筛选出9个具有广泛血缘代表性的自交系,即沈137,78599-1,Mo17,478,C8605-2,E28,598,Va35,K12,作为玉米灰斑病菌的生理分化鉴别寄主;8个主栽品种,即沈试29,沈试31,铁单9,掖单13,丹413,丹玉18,沈农87,东单54,作为辅助鉴别寄主,从而确定了玉米灰斑病菌生理分化鉴别寄主体系。采用田间成株期鉴定,高粱粒灌心法进行接种,根据在鉴别寄主上的发病等级,将采自北方玉米主产区的23个玉米灰斑病菌菌株划分成5个致病类型。研究表明,我国玉米灰斑病菌存在一定程度的致病性分化,通过病级评价可将23个玉米灰斑病菌菌株分成5个致病类型,其中致病类型I为强致病类型,致病类型IV为弱致病类型,Ⅱ,Ⅲ2组致病类型介于两者之间,而致病类型V属于不确定类型。研究结果为我国玉米品种抗性鉴定、灰斑病流行监测和品种合理布局提供了理论依据。     

GC-MS非靶代谢分析5个柠檬品种果皮的挥发性物质差异

为了探究不同柠檬品种间挥发性物质差异,分析其品质差别,本研究利用GC-MS技术对5个柠檬品种的果皮进行检测,将原始数据上传至XCMS平台进行处理。利用SIMCA-P软件进行主成分分析和正交偏最小二乘法判别分析。通过R软件进行聚类分析。通过差异代谢物VIP值分析筛选到差异性化合物。结果显示5个柠檬品种共检出103种香气物质,聚类分析显示,阿特摩柠檬和木里柠檬聚为一类,乔化无刺柠檬、阿联粗柠檬和黄花尤里克柠檬聚为一类。差异代谢物分析筛选到15种差异化合物,其中黄花尤力克柠檬萜烯类物质高表达。本研究中同一生长环境下不同柠檬品种间果皮的挥发性物质存在较大差异,其中阿联粗柠檬和黄花尤里克柠檬之间差异最小。     

深水网箱沉子在纯流作用下的水动力特性

根据物模试验得到球形和柱形沉子的受力,计算并分析水阻力系数及其变化特性。试验结果表明:具有自由运动状态的球形沉子的水阻力系数比固定时球体的水阻力系数大;柱形沉子的水阻力系数与雷诺数及形状参数有关,且在同一雷诺数下,柱形沉子的水阻力系数显著大于球形沉子的水阻力系数。     

甘蓝型油菜HD-ZIP基因家族的鉴定和表达分析

为揭示HD-ZIP蛋白家族成员在甘蓝型油菜全基因组中的分布及相关特征,通过生物信息学方法共鉴定出74个HD-ZIP转录因子,分别被定位到甘蓝型油菜的19条染色体和8条随机序列;这74个HD-ZIP蛋白都含有高度保守的HD-ZIP结构域;系统发育进化树将该家族成员聚为4大类;共线性分析发现大部分基因不仅在A和C染色体组间存在共线性,而且在各自染色体组内也存在串联重复事件;基因表达分析发现,大部分HD-ZIP家族基因在根和叶中均有表达,并且在根中表达的基因多于叶片,受到盐胁迫处理时,大部分基因表达量会增加。初步明确了甘蓝型油菜HD-ZIP家族成员结构特点和相关功能,为进一步研究甘蓝型油菜HD-ZIP蛋白家族基因的生物学功能奠定了基础,为油菜抗性育种工作提供科学依据。     

叶片角度对输水泵站泵装置水力性能影响分析

为研究输水泵站泵装置水力性能受叶片角度变化的影响,采用CFD方法模拟全流道泵装置水力性能,分析设计流量工况下叶片角度变化对进水流道、出水流道流动及叶轮内部流动特性和水力性能的影响.结果表明:在设计流量工况下,叶片角度偏离设计工况角度,叶轮进口近轮毂区存在回流、脱流;叶片角度偏离设计工况角度越大,进水流道、出水流道内水流流态越差,水力损失越大.当叶片角度调节为-8°工况时,与叶片角度-0°工况比较,进水流道和出水流道水力损失相对值最大,分别为1.28和2.89.即叶片同等偏离角度下,出水流道水力损失增大幅度较进水流道更加明显.对比数值模拟结果与模型试验结果得出,在设计流量工况,叶片角度为0°时,扬程相对误差为1.2%,效率相对误差为2.1%,两者吻合较好.     

拖拉机电液耦合转向试验平台设计与硬件在环试验

针对电液耦合转向方案转向特性尚不明晰、转向数据采集和记录困难等问题,提出一种硬件在环拖拉机电液耦合转向试验平台设计方案。平台参数设计过程主要考虑功率损耗,为了满足电液耦合转向系统的性能要求,进行精度设计与量程设计。通过总体参数设计,得到电动助力、液压助力和阻力加载系统的参数计算模型,并基于AMESim建立电液耦合转向系统的控制与机械模型仿真进行了参数优化。通过基于dSPACE以及PXI的硬件在环控制方案,进行了各类转向工况试验验证,验证结果表明：阻力加载模拟系统能根据不同的地面条件、行驶工况等参数实现动态加载,响应速度和控制精度均能实现田间阻力模拟要求;电液助力转向系统能够产生较好的平滑助力,具有良好的转向路感;控制系统能与各传感器硬件协同配合,使拖拉机电液耦合转向试验平台具有良好的响应特性,能够真实还原拖拉机转向过程。     

生物炭折流湿地对生活污水的净化效果

为提升西北地区农村生活污水的治理水平,结合西北地区气温特征,以生物炭为主体构建了折流湿地,并分析其对生活污水中污染物的净化效果。结果表明:在水温8～12℃条件下,折流湿地的最佳水力停留时间(HRT)为2.5 d,此时,湿地中污水的化学需氧量(COD)、氨氮(NH_4~+-N)、磷酸盐(PO_4~(3-)-P)、悬浮物(SS)的去除率分别为90.51%、72.38%、90.73%、94.57%。此外,各自污染物去除率与其停留时间和沿程均呈显著正相关(P0.05)。折流湿地经过12个月的运行,对COD、NH_4~+-N、PO_4~(3-)-P、SS的年平均去除率分别为88.16%、83.16%、92.55%、96.30%,且出水水质稳定。生物炭作为折流湿地填料对COD、PO_4~(3-)-P、SS的去除过程均较好地符合一级动力学模型(R~20.91),并且对SS具有较快的去除速率。研究表明,生物炭作为折流湿地填料具有良好的应用价值,对解决西北地区农村水污染问题具有重要的意义。