轴流泵装置运行工况对肘形进水流道水力性能的影响

为研究肘形进水流道的水力性能与泵装置运行工况的定量关系,采用CFD(Computational fluid dynamic)方法对轴流泵装置进行全流道的数值计算,在考虑了轴流泵与肘形进水流道内流相干条件下定量地分析了肘形进水流道水力特性各参数与泵装置运行工况的关系,并给出了相应的数学模型,对比了物理模型试验与数值预测结果的差异性。结果表明:在高效工况范围内,流道出口流场水流稳定性及均匀性均较好;在大流量工况时,流道出口流场水流稳定性及均匀性较差。流道出口流场的偏流角受泵装置运行工况的影响较小,极差为0.91°。肘形进水流道均化效率为99.215%,流道断面的均匀性主要受弯肘段几何边界条件的约束,在弯肘段时压能与动能的转换率较高,对于肘形进水流道结构尺寸设计及优化的关键在于弯肘段。     

快速卷扬式启闭机液压阻尼调速器的应用

为解决离心调速器运行存在反复振荡、摩擦片易发热烧损等问题,将液压启闭机速度控制原理运用于快速卷扬式启闭机,采用液压阻尼调速器改进卷扬式启闭机的调速装置,论述液压阻尼调速器速度控制原理,建立调速器流体力学模型,推导流量及阻尼力矩计算公式.对QPK-2 ×160 kN卷扬式启闭机安装2种调速器进行试验分析,结果表明:流量控制主要与阻尼孔的直径有关,阻尼力矩与阻尼孔面积的平方成反比例关系;阻尼力矩随阻尼器输入角速度的增大而增大;采用液压阻尼调速器具有良好的阻尼特性,能吸收负载振动、冲击,缩小扭矩和转速振荡的时间和范围,仅需经过2～3次振荡吸收便可实现扭矩平衡,防止设备共振,改善系统平顺性和稳定性,增加启闭机可靠性,使闸门能够匀速下降,延长其使用寿命,扩大快速卷扬式启闭机使用范围.     

乘用车制动踏板感觉仿真研究

以汽车传统液压制动系统的结构和工作原理研究为基础,利用AMESim软件建立制动系统模型,包括制动踏板,真空助力器,制动主缸,制动管路,制动器。通过仿真得到反映制动踏板感觉的关系曲线一制动踏板位移与制动踏板力和管路压力与制动踏板位移．并分析了制动踏板力随踏板位移的变化特性和管路油压随踏板位移的变化特性。重点研究了制动软管膨胀,制动衬块与制动盘间隙对制动踏板感觉的影响。     

生物炭对东北草甸黑土水分运动参数的影响

为探明添加生物炭对东北草甸黑土水力学特性的影响,研究了以5种生物炭体积比(0、2%、4%、6%、8%)施入土壤后的土壤水分运动参数。采用土壤的VAN GENUCHTEN模型和MUALEM理论,推导出添加生物炭土壤的水分特征曲线、相对导水率和水分扩散率方程,并用试验校验理论推导结果。理论和试验结果表明,添加生物炭土壤的饱和度随基质吸力的变化接近无添加的土壤;当基质吸力低于2 000 cm时,添加生物炭能够大大提高土壤的含水率,当基质吸力高于8 000 cm时,土壤的含水率不一定增加;水平土柱吸渗试验表明,生物炭能够抑制土壤水分的水平扩散;数值模拟降雨后的土壤含水率与田间实测数值相比误差小于13.3%。研究可为东北黑土区农业水土保护和利用提供理论依据。     

履带式稻(麦)联合收割机液压——机械式行走系统的研究

液压行走系统因其结构简单、操纵方便、转向灵活等特点已广泛在联合收割机中采用。该文分析了液压一机械式联合收割机行走系统的工作过程，并以某联合收割机为例，对液压行走系统的配置方案、液压元件的选型、液压系统主要参数的确定、液压系统的性能验算和实测等方面进行了研究。研究结果表明，此液压行走系统的设计是合理的、可行的，完全可以满足联收机实际使用条件和较恶劣的工况。这为我国联合收割机液压行走系统的设计和配置提供重要的参考价值。     

Experimental studies on cold survival of enchytraeid cocoons

The effect of different culture methods, cold acclimation and desiccation on the supercooling point (SCP), the melting point (MP) of fluids and the quantity of water freezing (osmotically active water) was investigated in individual cocoons of Enchytraeus crypticus and an undescribed Enchytraeus species using differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) techniques. Both species can be easily cultured in the laboratory in agar where the development and hatching of the worms can be observed. Culture methods (agar with nettle leaves or oats as food and wet filter paper without food supply) had a significant effect on fresh weight and SCP of E. crypticus cocoons. The water content (as a proportion of fresh weight) was slightly lower in the cocoons from the wet filter paper cultures. Acclimation at —3 °C did not affect the supercooling ability of E. crypticus cocoons, whereas the SCP of E. sp.1 cocoons was lowered from a mean of —8.7 to —12.4 °C. The supercooling ability of cocoons of E. crypticus was only slightly increased by desiccation and cold acclimation, but the quantity of frozen water was significantly reduced with acclimation and desiccation (2 and 3 min) at room temperature. The MP values of the cocoon fluids reflected these changes in both species. No cocoons of E. crypticus and E. sp.1 survived desiccation and freezing in our experiments and no worms of Enchytraeus albidus, E. crypticus and Henlea perpusilla survived freezing to —10 or —20 °C.     

Different responses in bulk density and saturated hydraulic conductivity to soil deformation by logging machinery on a Ferralsol under native forest

Ferralsols have high structural stability, although structural degradation has been observed to result from forest to tillage or pasture conversion. An experimental series of forest skidder passes in an east Amazonian natural forest was performed for testing the effects of mechanical stress during selective logging operations on a clay‐rich Ferralsol under both dry and wet soil conditions. Distinct ruts formed up to 25 cm depth only under wet conditions. After nine passes the initially very low surface bulk density of between 0.69 and 0.80 g cm^?3 increased to 1.05 g cm^?3 in the wet soil and 0.92 g cm^?3 in the dry soil. Saturated hydraulic conductivities, initially >250 mm h^?1, declined to a minimum of around 10 mm h^?1 in the wet soil after the first pass, and in the dry soil more gradually after nine passes. The contrasting response of bulk density and saturated hydraulic conductivity is explained by exposure of subsoil material at the base of the ruts where macrostructure rapidly deteriorated under wet conditions. We attribute the resultant moderately high hydraulic conductivities to the formation of stable microaggregates with fine sand to coarse silt textures. We conclude that the topsoil macrostructure of Ferralsols is subject to similar deterioration to that of Luvisols in temperate zones. The stable microstructure prevents marked compaction and decrease in hydraulic conductivity under wetter and more plastic soil conditions. However, typical tropical storms may regularly exceed the infiltration capacity of the deformed soils. In the deeper ruts water may concentrate and cause surface run‐off, even in gently sloping areas. To avoid soil erosion, logging operations in sloping areas should therefore be restricted to dry soil conditions when rut formation is minimal.     

几种包膜缓控释肥粒养分释放特征的研究

采用水浸泡法对国内外4种包膜控释肥料的养分释放特性进行了系统的研究。结果表明,4种缓控释肥料的初期溶出率均小于12%,微分溶出率在0.4%～1.5%之间,这符合国际上公认的缓/控释肥的评价标准,初期溶出率小于15%、微分溶出率在0.25%～2.5%之间。采用水浸泡法测定包膜控释肥料养分释放特征,简便快速,检测时间短,重复次数少,养分浓度变化直接反映出包膜控释肥料的释放速率特性,还可以定量的测定其供肥性能,控释肥料有控制养分释放、延长供应时间的作用;其中腐殖酸和炭基有利于提高肥料颗粒的水稳定性,减缓养分的释放速率。     

玉米灰斑病菌致病性分化研究

从我国玉米品种资源中首次成功筛选出9个具有广泛血缘代表性的自交系,即沈137,78599-1,Mo17,478,C8605-2,E28,598,Va35,K12,作为玉米灰斑病菌的生理分化鉴别寄主;8个主栽品种,即沈试29,沈试31,铁单9,掖单13,丹413,丹玉18,沈农87,东单54,作为辅助鉴别寄主,从而确定了玉米灰斑病菌生理分化鉴别寄主体系。采用田间成株期鉴定,高粱粒灌心法进行接种,根据在鉴别寄主上的发病等级,将采自北方玉米主产区的23个玉米灰斑病菌菌株划分成5个致病类型。研究表明,我国玉米灰斑病菌存在一定程度的致病性分化,通过病级评价可将23个玉米灰斑病菌菌株分成5个致病类型,其中致病类型I为强致病类型,致病类型IV为弱致病类型,Ⅱ,Ⅲ2组致病类型介于两者之间,而致病类型V属于不确定类型。研究结果为我国玉米品种抗性鉴定、灰斑病流行监测和品种合理布局提供了理论依据。     

GC-MS非靶代谢分析5个柠檬品种果皮的挥发性物质差异

为了探究不同柠檬品种间挥发性物质差异,分析其品质差别,本研究利用GC-MS技术对5个柠檬品种的果皮进行检测,将原始数据上传至XCMS平台进行处理。利用SIMCA-P软件进行主成分分析和正交偏最小二乘法判别分析。通过R软件进行聚类分析。通过差异代谢物VIP值分析筛选到差异性化合物。结果显示5个柠檬品种共检出103种香气物质,聚类分析显示,阿特摩柠檬和木里柠檬聚为一类,乔化无刺柠檬、阿联粗柠檬和黄花尤里克柠檬聚为一类。差异代谢物分析筛选到15种差异化合物,其中黄花尤力克柠檬萜烯类物质高表达。本研究中同一生长环境下不同柠檬品种间果皮的挥发性物质存在较大差异,其中阿联粗柠檬和黄花尤里克柠檬之间差异最小。