Calculation Method of Hydraulic Characteristics for Direct-Return Chilled Water System

In order to optimize design and operation, it is necessary to calculate accurately hydraulic characteristics large central air-conditioning systems. Simplified Model can not be applied to hydraulic calculation of large pipe network topological structure for its large calculation error. Taking into account the regulating characteristics of terminal branch temperature regulating valve, a direct-return chilled water system is studied, an accurate mathematical model of pipe network hydraulic characteristics has been established and a computer logic algorithm with virtual flow has been given. A direct-return pipe network with ten AHU branches is used as simulation calculation object, the pipe network supply-return water pressure difference is calculated, and also the temperature regulating valve opening and actual flow of each branch are calculated in the condition of different supply-return water pressure difference. The calculated results accord with the natural characteristics of high pressure difference unbalanced for direct-return pipe network. The calculation method can ensure calculation convergence.     

Grain yield of wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) under long‐term heat stress is sink‐limited with stronger inhibition of kernel setting than grain filling

The aim of the study was to investigate source‐sink relations of wheat under continuous heat stress and to identify bottle necks of yield formation. A pot experiment was conducted in two climatic chambers exposing wheat plants (Triticum aestivum L. cv. Thasos) either to day/night temperatures of 20/20°C (control conditions) or of 30/25°C (heat stress) during the whole vegetation period in the absence of plant water deficit. Plants were harvested at four phenological stages: three‐node stage (DC 33), start of flowering (DC 61), grain filling (DC 75) and maturity (DC 94). Heat stress shortened the development phases of the plants and caused a significant decrease in total above‐ground biomass between 19% and 41%. At grain filling and at maturity, the reductions in total shoot biomass mainly resulted from grain yield depressions by 77% and 58%, respectively. The ear number per plant was significantly higher under heat stress in comparison with the control, at maturity it was more than doubled. On the contrary, under heat stress, the kernel number per ear was strongly decreased by 83% and 75% during grain filling and at maturity, respectively. The decrease in individual kernel weight was 23% at maturity. Thus, the heat‐stressed plants were able to strongly increase the number of ear‐bearing tillers which were able to set only a small number of kernels, yet these kernels showed good grain filling. The harvest index (HI) of heat‐stressed plants was significantly reduced by 36% (control: HI = 50.1% ± 0.4, heat: HI = 32.2% ± 0.9***). The plants in the stress treatment adapted to the adverse conditions by less biomass production which presumably allowed a higher transpiration without an increase in total water consumption. Nevertheless, under heat stress, the water use efficiency (WUE_grain) was strongly decreased by 62% as a result of a small grain yield. In ears and grains, the sucrose, glucose and fructose concentrations were not significantly different between control and heat stress at start of flowering and during grain filling. Thus, the supply of assimilates was not restricted (no source limitation). Sink capacity was reduced by heat stress, as lesser and smaller kernels were produced than in the control. Concerning sink activity, the sink‐limiting step during kernel set is probably the active transport of hexoses across the plasma membrane into the developing kernels, which could also affect grain filling. This needs to be investigated in more detail in further studies.     

冬小麦产量与底墒关系分析

该在分析大量试验资料后指出：在黄土高原南部地区，冬小麦产量与播前底墒相关性强，其相关系数在不同施肥水平下，分别为：中肥处理０．６７７；高肥处理０．７４２；单施氮处理高达０．９６０。因而得出不同施肥处理下的底墒与冬小麦产量关系图，可用于冬小麦产量趋势预测及建立数学模型参考。     

不同林龄马尾松林土壤水源涵养功能研究

通过对麻江地区马尾松纯林不同林龄土壤特性分析,进一步深化对林地土壤涵养水源功能的研究。研究结果表明,在马尾松不同林龄中,土壤厚度0～20cm,非毛管孔隙含量为中龄林〉近熟林〉幼龄林。说明在马尾松不同林龄中,中龄林的土壤静态蓄水效能最好。     

滇西南不同土地利用方式坡地土壤大孔隙特征及与饱和导水率的关系

【目的】研究滇西南不同土地利用方式坡地土壤大孔隙特征与饱和导水率的变化,为控制滇西南地区坡地水土流失提供参考。【方法】以滇西南6种典型土地利用方式（荒草地、茶地、烤烟地、玉米地、甘蔗地、澳洲坚果地）坡地为研究对象,测定6种坡地不同坡位（坡上、坡下）和土层（0~15,15~30 cm）土壤的基本理化性质、水分穿透曲线、大孔隙特征及饱和导水率,分析不同土地利用方式坡地土壤大孔隙特征与饱和导水率的关系。【结果】（1）滇西南不同土地利用方式坡地土壤基本理化性质存在差异,坡位和土层深度对土壤的基本理化性质有明显影响。（2）滇西南不同土地利用方式坡地的土壤水分出流速率先增加,都在90 s之后基本趋于稳定。6种土地利用方式下0~30 cm土层土壤平均出流速率表现为玉米地＞荒草地＞澳洲坚果地＞茶地＞甘蔗地＞烤烟地。（3）不同土地利用方式坡地土壤大孔隙半径、面积比与平均体积存在明显差异。荒草地、茶地、玉米地、澳洲坚果地土壤大孔隙平均半径随土层深度的增加而减小,而甘蔗地、烤烟地土壤大孔隙平均半径变化则相反。不同土地利用方式坡地土壤大孔隙面积比与平均体积由大到小均表现为玉米地＞荒草地＞澳洲坚果地＞茶地＞甘蔗地＞烤烟地。（4）不同土地利用方式坡地土壤饱和导水率差异显著,其中玉米地和荒草地饱和导水率明显高于其他坡地。（5）相关性分析表明,不同土地利用方式坡地土壤大孔隙密度、平均体积与饱和导水率呈线性正相关关系,平均半径与饱和导水率之间呈指数函数关系。土壤大孔隙平均体积与稳定出流速率之间呈线性正相关关系。【结论】不同土地利用方式坡地表层（0~15 cm）和上坡位土壤大孔隙半径大、联通性好,更有利于土壤的滞水减流。     

水分胁迫下水杨酸对大麦幼苗抗氧化能力的影响

水杨酸是一种与植物逆境生理密切相关的生长调节物质.研究选取普通大麦为实验材料,通过不同浓度的外源水杨酸处理,考察其在水分胁迫下对大麦幼苗抗氧化能力的影响.结果表明,水杨酸的作用具有双重性:低浓度的水杨酸(＜0.30 mmol/L)可以改善水分胁迫下大麦幼苗的水分状况,并且降低丙二醛含量,维持较低水平的蛋白质羰基含量,减...     

农业用水定价政策绩效评估研究进展

阐述了国内外农业用水定价政策绩效评估的研究进展。国外研究方面,从绩效评估基本理论出发,在介绍公共政策绩效评估方法的基础上,对农业用水定价政策绩效评估取得的研究成果进行论述;国内研究方面,首先从我国农业用水现状和农业水价定价机制上进行分析,然后就农业水价对农业生产绩效影响的研究成果进行探讨,最后综述分析国内外研究成果,提出了农业用水定价政策绩效评估有待深入研究的若干议题。     

玉米淀粉/聚丙烯酸钠高保水复合材料的制备及性能研究

以玉米淀粉为原料,与丙烯酸发生接枝共聚反应,以过硫酸钾为引发剂,N,N-亚甲基双丙烯酰胺为交联剂,制得玉米淀粉/聚丙烯酸钠高保水复合材料;通过干燥粉碎,进行性能测定,研究引发剂添加量、玉米淀粉添加量、丙烯酸和NaOH的中和度和交联剂添加量等因素对吸水倍率和耐盐倍率的影响。结果表明:在丙烯酸单体为50.00 g时,玉米淀粉添加量为10.00 g,引发剂添加量为0.15 g,交联剂添加量为0.02 g,中和度为90%时,生成的高保水材料性能最好,吸水倍率可达到240倍左右,耐盐倍率达到40倍左右。     

石窑店煤矿建设及生产过程中水土流失预测研究

石窑店煤矿在建设和生产过程中会不同程度地破坏地表植被、改变土壤结构、损坏现有的水土保持设施,同时产生大量的弃土弃渣。针对石窑店煤矿在建设和生产过程中的水土流失和生态环境恶化问题,在现场勘察和分析相关资料、文件的基础上,预测了该煤矿在建设和生产过程中扰动原地貌,损坏土地和植被的面积、弃渣量、损坏水土保持设施的面积和数量及可能造成新增水蚀、风蚀量,预测结果为合理布设该矿区水土保持与生态修复措施提供科学依据和技术支撑。     

苹果幼树死亡诱因、诊断与防控

对矮砧苹果新植苗木和2~5年生幼树死亡的原因进行研究,表明苗木失水与轮纹病菌协同危害是主要原因;冻害、根部与主干病害、肥害及苗木质量差是重要原因。生产上及时发现问题,根据不同症状,进行准确的病因诊断,有针对性地采用不同的防控措施:培育不潜带轮纹病菌的苗木;苗木贮运、栽植和管理过程防止失水;栽植前用杀菌剂铲除部分病菌;防止冻害;2~5年生幼树合理肥水管理;防止贪绿徒长;有效地预防根部和枝干病虫害发生。