Effect of sodium chloride on gluten network formation,dough microstructure and rheology in relation to breadmaking

Sodium chloride (NaCl) is an essential ingredient to control the functional properties of wheat dough and bread quality. This study investigated the effect of NaCl at 0, 1 and 2%, (w/w, flour base) on the gluten network formation during dough development, the dough rheology, and the baking characteristics of two commercial flours containing different levels of protein (9.0 and 13.5%) and with different glutenin-to-gliadin ratios. Examination of the dough structure by confocal microscopy at different stages of mixing show that the gluten network formation was delayed and the formation of elongated fibril protein structure at the end of dough development when NaCl was used. The fibril structure of protein influenced the dough strength, as determined by strain hardening coefficient and hardening index obtained from the large deformation extension measurements. NaCl had a greater effect on enhancing the strength of dough prepared from the low protein flour compared to those from the high protein flour. The effect of NaCl on loaf volume and crumb structure of bread followed a similar trend. These results indicate that the effect of NaCl on dough strength and bread quality may be partially compensated by choosing flour with an appropriate amount and quality of gluten protein.     

山西省绿化树种选择决策支持系统初探

笔者利用计算机智能决策技术,以《城市绿地分类标准》为基础,树种的生长适应性、抗旱性、土壤适应性和耐盐碱性为指标,利用层次分析法和加权指数法对树种进行生态适应性综合评价。最终提出了防护调节功能型树种、观赏文化功能型树种和生产供给功能型树种的决策系统构建原则。     

Population impacts of endangered short-tailed albatross bycatch in the Alaskan trawl fishery

We conduct a decision analysis that explores the effects of trawl-related fishery mortality on achieving the population recovery goals for the US federally-endangered short-tailed albatross (Phoebastria albatrus), proposed by the US Fish and Wildlife Service. A population model is constructed and its parameters estimated using data on counts of the numbers of albatross chicks and eggs at Torishima Island, Japan, where 83% of the world’s population of this species is found. Bayesian inference is used to assign probabilities to alternative plausible rates of fishing mortality and as the basis for population projections with different levels of trawl mortality to determine their effects on achieving the population recovery goals. The analyses of the impact of trawl mortality on the Torishima short-tailed albatross population suggests that exceeding the current expected incidental take in the Alaskan groundfish trawl fishery, two in any 5-year period, by as much as a factor of 10 would have little impact on when the proposed recovery goals for the species are achieved. A quantitative approach that addresses uncertainty, such as that outlined in this study, could aid the process to evaluate allowable limits in light of species recovery goals by addressing both take limits and recovery goals within the same framework.     

泥炭块制作机应用前景展望

介绍了泥炭块育苗技术的优点，分析了泥炭块制作机制作泥炭块的工艺流程及其关键技术，展望了泥炭块制作机的应用前景。     

生活污水的处理过程与景观营建的关系

居住区的环境影响人们生活,如何将居住区的污水处理和景观营建结合起来,营建廉价而优质的住区景观是值得思考的课题.现介绍生活污水处理和景观营造相结合的方法,在减轻城市污水处理的压力的同时营造丰富多样的水景景观.     

Fuzzy Decision Making in Cooperation Choosing the Objective of M&A

In order to socve the realistic problems happening in the process of M&A,the paper gives the fuzzy decision making method of cooperation choosing the best objective of M&A using the tool of fuzzy maths and applies the method to a case,which may be helpful to choose the best objective of M&A more scientifically.     

Application of the Fractal Theory in Modelling Decision Making Models for Manufacturing by Using the Experimental Data

Based on the fractal theory,the fractal dimension of the decision making mapping model for manufacturing by using the experimental data is studied.In modelling the decision making mapping of the intermittent cutting process,the approach for modelling mapping models by the fractal theory and the fractal dimension of the models are discussed.     

Social resilience as a controlling influence on desertification in Senegal

While ecological resilience may explain why apparent symptoms of desertification are often temporary, social resilience can prevent degradation resulting from overexploitation of land in response to drought and other constraints. This paper describes a Social Resilience Model in which actors switch from performance strategies to survival strategies when the perceived severity of constraints exceeds a critical performance–survival threshold (PST). This is determined in comparison with a reference mode that depends on a learning facility developed by repeated exposure to cycles of constraint, search and feedback. Actors select particular strategies by comparing welfare gains with their aspiration levels—a concept that allows more flexible decision making than profit maximizing or satisficing alone. The model is tested in the silvopastoral zone of Senegal, where desertification is not as widespread as commonly assumed, despite severe constraints. The two major ethnic groups, the Wolof (mainly croppers) and the Peul (mainly pastoralists) anticipate and respond to environmental and socio‐economic constraints differently, and have different performance and survival strategies. The Peul have the higher social resilience, with more flexible decision‐making objectives, greater mobility, a more extensive action space, a learning facility supporting efficient search and feedback processes, a reference mode attuned to high anticipation and recognition of stress, and a high PST. They also exhibit more continuous performance–survival switching than the Wolof, who make a radical change from cropping to labour migration and reliance on external support. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

桤木制浆造纸研究现状与我国桤木浆的开发利用

就桤木商用种植的生产潜力、制浆造纸和材性研究现状等进行综合评述。桤木是一种商用种植较有发展前景的阔叶树种,生长迅速、固氮能力强,木材性质类似于杨木和桦木,可用来开发研制不同的浆种,与针叶木浆或其它阔叶木浆配抄可以生产高质量的印刷纸和书写纸等。鉴于我国丰富的桤木遗传资源和现有的生产经营水平,大力发展桤木纸浆原料林,开发利用桤木木浆具有广阔的前景,对于缓解针叶木浆之不足,降低纸浆生产成本,使我国造纸业