CAD环境下基于不规则三角网的DEM算法及实现*

 介绍了从离散点构造邻接的三角形，从而组成不规则三角网结构，用不规则三角网建立数字高程模型的算法及其在CAD中实现的程序。     

Surface area processing in GIS for different mountain regions

Surface area is a fundamental parameter derived from terrain analysis in geographical information systems (GIS) for modeling the real world. Therefore, an evaluation of the techniques implemented by GIS models is important in order to obtain reliable area measurements. The study compares two raster-based methods with a TIN-based (triangulated irregular network) method for surface area approximation using a digital elevation model (DEM) with 25 m × 25 m resolution in six mountain regions of Shandong Province, China. Raster-based method Ⅰ calculates surface-area grids from DEMs directly. Eight 3-dimensional triangles connecting the center point of each cell with the center points of the eight surrounding cells are generated and then the areas of the portions of each triangle that lay within the cell boundary are calculated and summed. Raster-based method Ⅱ produces the surface area of each cell directly from the pixel size and the slope value for the pixel. The results demonstrate that the surface areas calculated by raster-based method Ⅰ are equal to those of the TIN-based method. The results of raster-based method Ⅱ are the lowest but the difference in areas between the two raster-based methods decreases with the decrease in terrain complexity. Compared to the method with TINs, raster-based method Ⅱ can do better because it has some advantages, such as neighborhood analysis, more consistent output and faster processing speed. The results also demonstrate that the difference between surface and horizontal areas should be considered if more than 30% of the area of a region has slopes steeper than 18.2 degrees.     

基于颗粒缩放理论的沙棘茶毫离散元参数标定

为解决沙棘叶茶茶毫离散元仿真中缺乏准确接触参数的问题,利用物理和仿真休止角堆积试验标定茶毫接触参数;将茶毫颗粒简化为软质球形颗粒,通过量纲分析和颗粒缩放理论将茶毫空气动力学当量粒径从231.37μm放大至1.8 mm。利用EDEM软件,选定“Hertz–Mindlin with JKR”接触模型,以休止角为响应值,通过Plackett-Burman试验筛选出对休止角影响最显著的3个参数：茶毫-茶毫恢复系数、茶毫-茶毫滚动摩擦系数、茶毫-不锈钢滚动摩擦系数;利用最陡爬坡试验,确定各参数最佳取值范围;根据Box-Behnken试验建立并优化3个显著性参数与休止角的二阶回归方程,对回归方程进行寻优求解。得到3个显著性参数的最优组合：茶毫-茶毫恢复系数为0.159,茶毫-茶毫滚动摩擦系数为0.290,茶毫-不锈钢滚动摩擦系数为0.239。通过对比休止角仿真试验值与物理试验值,二者相对误差为1.97%,表明仿真试验预测效果良好。     

基于DEM的延河流域水文特征提取与分析

基于DEM数据,依据地表径流漫流模拟算法,使用ArcGIS软件中的水文分析工具,提取与分析延河流域河网特征及相关信息,并与1∶25万地形图数字化水系进行分析比较。结果表明:集水面积阈值是决定河网提取精度的关键参数,阈值越大,提取河网越稀疏,反之则提取河网越密集;随着集水面积阈值的增大,河源数和河网密度、河流的级数、总河长等随之减少,但主河长变化不大;当阈值为5.51 km2时,提取河网与实际较吻合。因此,基于90m分辨率的DEM数据提取延河流域水系和子流域是切实可行的,可以作为数字流域建设与水资源管理的基础数据。     

Enhancing the Simplified Surface Energy Balance (SSEB) approach for estimating landscape ET: Validation with the METRIC model

Evapotranspiration (ET) can be derived from satellite data using surface energy balance principles. METRIC (Mapping EvapoTranspiration at high Resolution with Internalized Calibration) is one of the most widely used models available in the literature to estimate ET from satellite imagery. The Simplified Surface Energy Balance (SSEB) model is much easier and less expensive to implement. The main purpose of this research was to present an enhanced version of the Simplified Surface Energy Balance (SSEB) model and to evaluate its performance using the established METRIC model. In this study, SSEB and METRIC ET fractions were compared using 7 Landsat images acquired for south central Idaho during the 2003 growing season. The enhanced SSEB model compared well with the METRIC model output exhibiting an r² improvement from 0.83 to 0.90 in less complex topography (elevation less than 2000 m) and with an improvement of r² from 0.27 to 0.38 in more complex (mountain) areas with elevation greater than 2000 m. Independent evaluation showed that both models exhibited higher variation in complex topographic regions, although more with SSEB than with METRIC. The higher ET fraction variation in the complex mountainous regions highlighted the difficulty of capturing the radiation and heat transfer physics on steep slopes having variable aspect with the simple index model, and the need to conduct more research. However, the temporal consistency of the results suggests that the SSEB model can be used on a wide range of elevation (more successfully up 2000 m) to detect anomalies in space and time for water resources management and monitoring such as for drought early warning systems in data scarce regions. SSEB has a potential for operational agro-hydrologic applications to estimate ET with inputs of surface temperature, NDVI, DEM and reference ET.     

人工降雨条件下坡耕地地表糙度的时空变异分布研究

水蚀过程中地表糙度变化研究,特别是微地表条件下水蚀过程中地表糙度的分布及变化特征的研究是土壤侵蚀学科领域的前沿问题,目前仍处于不断的探索与发展阶段。本文试图通过对陕西省杨凌区农耕地土壤进行固定坡度和雨强下不同耕作措施的室内人工降雨试验,建立微地形条件下高精度的DEM并进行分析,探讨地表糙度在水蚀过程中的时空变异分布。结果表明:（1）人为耕作对坡面地表糙度的整体分布状态和坡面高程空间分布状况的影响显著;（2）降雨对等高耕作、人工锄耕、人工掏挖耕作措施的高程分布有一定的影响,并且高程变化量的最大值均出现在坡面的下部;（3）在降雨侵蚀的产流前后,坡面糙度的空间变化最大,而产流后糙度的空间变化趋于平稳。研究结果初步揭示了微地表条件下地表糙度的时空变异状况,并可为进一步分析不同坡度、不同雨强条件下地表糙度的综合研究奠定基础。     

A Gis-derived integrated moisture index to predict forest composition and productivity of Ohio forests (U.S.A.)

A geographic information system (GIS) approach was used in conjunction with forest-plot data to develop an integrated moisture index (IMI), which was then used to predict forest productivity (site index) and species composition for forests in Ohio. In this region, typical of eastern hardwoods across the Midwest and southern Appalachians, topographic aspect and position (rather than elevation) change drastically at the fine scale and strongly influence many ecological functions. Elevational contours, soil series mapping units, and plot locations were digitized for the Vinton Furnace Experimental Forest in southeastern Ohio and gridded to 7.5-m cells for GIS modeling. Several landscape features (a slope-aspect shading index, cumulative flow of water downslope, curvature of the landscape, and water-holding capacity of the soil) were used to create the IMI, which was then statistically analyzed with site-index values and composition data for plots. On the basis of IMI values for forest land harvested in the past 30 years, we estimated oak site index and the percentage composition of two major species groups in the region: oak (Quercus spp.), and yellow poplar (Liriodendron tulipifera) plus black cherry (Prunus serotina). The derived statistical relationships were then applied in the GIS to create maps of site index and composition, and verified with independent data. The maps show the oaks will dominate on dry, ridge top positions (i.e., low site index), while the yellow poplar and black cherry will predominate on mesic sites. Digital elevation models with coarser resolution (1:24K, 1:100K, 1:250K) also were tested in the same manner. We had generally good success for 1:24K, moderate success for 1:100K, but no success for 1:250K data. This simple and portable approach has the advantage of using readily available GIS information which is time-invariant and requires no fieldwork. The IMI can be used to better manage forest resources where moisture is limiting and to predict how the resource will change under various forms of ecosystem management.     

近15年新疆伊犁河谷草地退化时空变化特征

以伊犁河谷为研究区,利用MODIS NDVI数据及像元二分模型,反演草地植被覆盖度,以草地植被覆盖度为评价标准,结合数字高程模型(digital elevation model,DEM)数据及Getis-Ord Gi*冷/热点分析方法,对伊犁河谷2001-2015年草地退化的时空特征进行了分析。结果表明,1)受持续过度放牧及气候条件影响,2001-2015年伊犁河谷草地整体持续退化,15年内退化草地比例达46.18%,但退化以轻度为主;2)空间上退化草地的分布范围逐步向高海拔区域扩展,海拔1 500-3 000 m的中山和中高山区退化草地扩张最明显;3)草地生态保护政策的实施减缓了草地退化速度,草地退化与改善的空间差异逐渐明显,以退化为主的单一变化趋势有所改变;4)利用NDVI反演植被覆盖度对草地退化进行评价的方法存在对高植被覆盖区域草地退化敏感性相对较弱的缺陷。     

A study of spatial variability of soil loss with high resolution DEMs: A case study of a sloping olive grove in southern Spain

Land degradation worldwide over several centuries has become a serious problem. This phenomenon has been accentuated in agricultural areas, where the amount of topsoil loss creates a gradual loss of farmland productivity. Ploughing is responsible for tillage erosion which causes more soil movement than natural soil creepage. In fact sediment transport is more rapid using heavy machinery than with primitive ploughs. The main aim of our research is to monitor, in detail, the sediment deposition phenomenon of eroded soil. Here the role of high resolution DEMs is essential. We develop a DEM generated from field measurements taken by GPS. The high spatial density of these measurements allows us to generate DEMs of high resolution: cell sizes of 0.5, 1 and 1.5 m. Three zones of different area are used in order to analyse the scale effects. In this study we assess precise models that represent a soil redistribution phenomenon.     

地形对天然次生林空间格局的影响

利用数字化地形模型(DEM)与景观类型图进行地理信息叠加,以定量化地反映主要群落在不同坡度、坡向以及坡位的空间分布,获得各群落的分布结构,数量化研究地形因素与植被分布的关系。在Arcgis及其3D和空间分析扩展模块的支持下,计算并探讨了老爷岭天然次生林主要树种(蒙古栎、榆树、水曲柳、胡桃楸等)在地形因子(坡度、坡向、坡位)各梯度级的分布比重及分布情况。结果表明,研究范围内样方的坡度在10．2°一22．5°之间。坡向分为5个等级,坡度及坡向差异显著。对坡度、坡向等地形因素及群落的物种组成进行半方差分析,发现三者的空间异质性尺度分别为31．2、161．6、17．3。地形因素的变化尺度远大于植被组成的变化,说明小尺度下地形因素不是影响群落内种群分布格局的唯一因素。坡度和坡向因子的块金值分别为9610及2 172,说明两者在小尺度下的某些过程不能忽视。植物与地形因素的相关分析表明,不同的种对地形的适应性有差异,群落中的9种主要植物可以分为4个生态种组。因此,群落的物种组成变化受到多种因素的影响,这种影响可以在地形变化中得到反映。