区域地下水位插值的整体-局部组合方法

利用趋势面分析法进行空间插值时估值趋势面光滑,对局部数据起伏较大的区域插值精度不理想。针对这一问题,该文基于非平稳地下水位数据,在用趋势面分析法进行空间插值的基础上,运用Yamamoto提出的修正的普通克里金法对区域残差进行了空间插值。将趋势面分析法的估计值与残差估计值相加,得到区域地下水位的空间分布规律。结果表明,采用这种整体与局部结合的组合插值方法,地下水位插值的结果比趋势面分析结果更接近实际情况,在保证全局最优的同时较好地解决了估值趋势面光滑、局部插值精度低的问题,更能真实地反映区域地下水位空间分布特征。     

牧草地流转价格空间分异格局及形成机制分析——以内蒙古西乌珠穆沁旗为例

以内蒙古西乌珠穆沁旗（西乌旗）为例,分析牧草地流转价格的空间结构及其形成机制。首先运用克里金插值法研究其空间分异特征,然后利用相关分析和空间计量模型揭示牧草地流转价格空间格局的形成机制。结果显示：西乌旗牧草地流转价格由旗北部、东南部向外围逐渐递减,并呈现出东高西低的趋势;牧草地流转价格空间自相关特征显著且呈空间集聚格局,但也存在由于少量空间异质性而呈现的局部离散格局;流转价格受草地用途、草地产草量、是否签订合同的影响最显著,牧户年牧业纯收入和个人承包面积对牧草地流转价格影响次之。研究结果为宏观把控该地区牧草地流转价格的总体情况,以及完善不同区域草地流转市场提供了参考信息。     

用线性算子刻画迭代内插空间

用 K方法构造迭代内插空间 ,并用线性算子对其逼近性质进行刻画。其结果可以应用到许多具体线性算子上去。     

内插空间中不等式系数的估值问题

Ｋ－方法和Ｊ－方法是内插空间中两个重要的方法，由此给出的内插函好及其建立的某些定理与内插空间的基本引理是内插空间等价性定理证明的基础。它们在逼近论中有着广泛的应用。然而这些结论所给出的不等式中某些系数的确切值至今仍是待定的，关于这个问题近几个有些研究的结果。本文就上述问题给出综合阐述。     

Optimised Spatial Sampling Scheme for Soil Electriclal Conductivity Based on Variance Quad-Tree （VQT） Method

The acquisition of precise soil data representative of the entire survey area,is a critical issue for many treatments such as irrigation or fertilization in precision agriculture.The aim of this study was to investigate the spatial variability of soil bulk electrical conductivity(ECb)in a coastal saline field and design an optimized spatial sampling scheme of ECb based on a sampling design algorithm,the variance quad-tree(VQT)method.Soil ECb data were collected from the field at 20m interval in a regular grid scheme.The smooth contour map of the whole field was obtained by ordinary kriging interpolation,VQT algorithm was then used to split the smooth contour map into strata of different number desired,the sampling locations can be selected within each stratum in subsequent sampling.The result indicated that the probability of choosing representative sampling sites was increased significantly by using VQT method with the sampling number being greatly reduced compared to grid sampling design while retaining the same prediction accuracy.The advantage of the VQT method is that this scheme samples sparsely in fields where the spatial variability is relatively uniform and more intensive where the variability is large.Thus the sampling efficiency can be improved,hence facilitate an assessment methodology that can be applied in a rapid,practical and cost-effective manner.     

裂隙岩体渗流场与应力场耦合分析方法

 从工程观点出发,忽略不计完整岩块的渗透系数,借助于层面缝隙流运动规律(立方定律)和变分基本原理,建立了三维裂隙岩体渗流场和应力场耦合模型。并推出了耦合的有限元支配方程,提出了运用同一套单元网络对两场进行区域离散的观点。以重力坝坝基渗流场与应力场耦合计算为例,验证了模型的可行性。     

小尺度下土壤重金属铬含量的空间插值方法比较研究

以重庆市江津区吴滩镇为例,在小尺度下分别应用普通克立格法、简单克立格法、泛克立格法、析取克立格法和距离反比权重法等5种插值方法对土壤重金属铬进行了空间变异特征的研究．综合比较了各种插值方法的预测误差、统计特征值及插值分布图,结果表明二阶趋势的普通克立格法插值效果最能准确反映出土壤中铬的空间分布,而距离反比权重法效果最差．     

基于SPI的近53 a宁夏干旱时空演变特征研究

利用宁夏回族自治区9个气象站点1959-2011年的逐月降水数据计算其标准化降水指标(standardized precipitation index,SPI)值,并结合干旱站次比、干旱强度、气候倾向率及ArcGIS中反距离加权插值等方法,分析了研究区干旱的时空变化特征。结果表明,近53 a来,宁夏回族自治区年SPI在波动中呈降低的趋势,其变化倾向率为-0.131/10 a,呈更加干旱趋势,且干旱增幅以21世纪最大;从季节SPI变化来看,春、夏、秋季干旱呈增重趋势,但冬季有所缓解。从干旱发生的范围和强度来看,宁夏回族自治区重旱发生范围略有扩大,而轻旱和中旱略有减小,强度微呈减弱趋势;四季中,总体呈现出冬季干旱强度略增,范围缩小,春季干旱范围扩大。强度增强,而夏秋干旱范围缩小。宁夏回族自治区存在季节连旱频发现象,持续时间长,尤其是春、夏、秋跨季节连旱对农业生产影响最大。年和季节SPI的空间差异明显,表现为由北向南干旱的加重幅度逐渐增大,尤以南部山区对区域干旱变化的响应最为敏感。     

Simulating soil erodibility in southeastern China using a sequential Gaussian algorithm

Soil erodibility(K) is a key factor of soil erosion, and its appropriate quantification and interpolation are vitally important for soil and water conservation.The traditional point-represent-polygon approaches and common kriging method for the estimation of K, however, do not sufficiently represent the original data. The objectives of this study were to simulate the spatial distribution of K using a sequential Gaussian algorithm and analyze the uncertainty in evaluating the risk of soil erodibility in southeastern China. We determined 101 sampling points in the area and collected disturbed soil samples from the 0–20 cm layer at each point. Soil properties were determined, and K was calculated using five common models: the EPIC(Erosion/Productivity Impact Calculator),approximate nomograph, Torri, Shirazi, and Wang models. Among the chosen models, the EPIC model performed the best at estimating K(KEPIC), which ranged from 0.019 to 0.060 t ha h(ha MJ mm)~(-1), with a mean of 0.043 t ha h(ha MJ mm)~(-1). The KEPICwas moderately spatially variable and had a limited spatial structure, increasing from south to north in our study area, and all spatial simulations using the cooperative kriging(CK) interpolation and the sequential Gaussian simulation(SGS) with 10, 25, 50, 100, 200, and 500 realizations had acceptable accuracies. The CK interpolation narrowed the range,and the SGS maintained the original characteristics of the calculated data. The proportions of the risk area were 38.0% and 10.1%, when the risk probability for K was 60% and 80%, respectively, and high risk areas were mostly located in the north. The results provide scientific guidance for managing the risk of soil erodibility in southeastern China.     

站点密度及插值方法对ET0空间插值精度的影响

流域参考作物蒸发蒸腾量（ET0）插值方法的研究对流域尺度作物耗水时空变化规律有重要意义。该文通过海河流域162个国家农业气象站3a（2003－2005年）旬值气象资料,利用Penman-Monteith公式计算了这些站点ET0,采用ArcGIS软件中常用的Spline、IDW和Ordinary Kriging（OK）法,以及近些年研究较多的线性回归Regression插值法,对不同站点密度条件下的ET0进行空间插值。分析了各空间插值方法在不同站点密度条件下的优劣性,并且给出了本流域内各种站点密度范围条件下计算ET0最适宜的插值方法。结果表明以站点密度1.3个/万km2为界,当站点密度低于此密度时,推荐使用Regression插值法;当站点密度大于1.3个/万km2时,推荐使用IDW和OK插值法;当站点密度大于4.3个/万km2,以上三种插值法并无显著差别;不推荐使用Spline插值法。