玉米全膜双垄沟直插式精量穴播机设计与试验

为适应我国西北地区旱地玉米全膜双垄沟播作业需求,解决传统膜上播种机具作业存在挑膜、撕膜、种穴与幼苗错位等问题,设计了一种玉米全膜双垄沟直插式精量穴播机。该机采用凸轮-曲柄滑块机构、运动放大机构实现了成穴器的投种控制与定点强制开启。仿真分析与田间验证试验表明,直插式精量穴播机在覆膜垄沟播种作业时,成穴器位于播种段与出土段的水平分速为零,播种株距可在一定范围内调节,穴孔布置、成穴器运动轨迹均合理,满足玉米全膜双垄沟播作业的农艺技术要求。     

不同土壤层次供应水分和养分对玉米幼苗生长和吸收养分的影响

本试验模拟滴灌方法 ,在不同土壤层次进行灌水和施用氮磷养分的盆栽玉米试验 ,旨在探讨在不同土壤层次供应水分和养分对夏玉米幼苗生长、根系空间构型及玉米对养分吸收的影响。试验表明 :在土壤深层进行滴灌可以有效降低土面蒸发 ,提高水分和养分的利用效率 ,从而显著提高玉米幼苗的生长量 ;在不同层次施肥灌水 ,对玉米根系在土壤中的空间构型影响很大 ,进行深层滴灌可以极大促进根系在较深土壤中的发育 ;在不同土层施肥灌水对玉米幼苗吸收N、P、K三种养分的能力也有影响 ,深层施肥灌水提高了玉米对 3种养分的吸收量     

麦秸还田耕层酚酸变化及其对夏玉米生长的影响

对大田条件下麦秸腐解过程中产生的主要化感物质酚酸的 变化及其对夏玉米吸肥量和产量的影响研究结果表明，秸秆还田可增加土壤中酚酸浓度，秸杆还田后酚酸产生的高峰期在翻埋后40d左右，施N、P化肥处理的土壤中酚酸含量较低，酚酸对夏玉米幼苗根系的生长有明显抑制作用，而对玉米产量及肥料吸收利用的影响不显著。     

Influence of wheat residue management on irrigated corn grain production in a reduced tillage system

Management of wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) residues for corn (Zea mays L.) planting is an important issue in southern parts of Iran where these two irrigated crops are consecutively grown. Concerns have been raised in recent years over the burning of the crop residues by farmers in these areas. A 2-year (2001–2002) field experiment was conducted as a randomized complete block design with three replications. The treatments consisted of irrigated corn planted, after burning wheat residues followed by conventional tillage (CT), after residue removal followed by CT, after soil incorporation of 0, 25, 50, 75, and 100% of residue followed by chisel plow, disk harrow, and row crop planter equipped with row cleaner. The CT operations consisted of mollboard plowing followed by two times disk harrowing. Treatments had significant effects on corn grain yield, biological yield, and leaf area index. The highest grain yield (15.73 t ha⁻¹) and grains per ear (709.3) were obtained when 25–50% of wheat residues were soil incorporated and the seeds were sown with planter equipped with row cleaner in both years as compared with conventional tillage practices. It is recommended that complete residue removal or burning should be avoided; hence for successful corn production after wheat, residue management techniques that reduce residue level in the row area should be implemented.     

Using arbuscular mycorrhiza to reduce the stressful effects of soil compaction on corn (Zea mays L.) growth

Soil compaction is of great importance in agriculture, because its high levels may adversely affect plant growth and the environment. Since mechanical methods are not very efficient and economical, using biological methods to alleviate the stress of soil compaction on plant growth may be beneficial. The objectives of this study were to: (1) evaluate the effects of soil compaction on corn (Zea mays L.) growth, and (2) test the hypothesis that applying arbuscular mycorrhiza (AM) with different origins can partially or completely overcome the stressful effects of soil compaction on corn growth under unsterilized and sterilized conditions. Corn was planted in unsterilized and sterilized compacted soils, while treated with three species of AM including, Iranian Glomus mosseae, Iranian Glomus etunicatum, and Canadian Glomus mosseae, received from GINCO (Glomales in vitro Collection), Canada. Plant growth variables and soil resistance parameters were determined. AM significantly increased root fresh (maximum of 94% increase) and dry (maximum of 100% increase) weights in the compacted soil. AM with different origins may improve corn growth in compacted soils, though its effectiveness is related to the level of compaction and also to the interaction with other soil microorganisms.     

优质高产大穗型玉米杂交种豫单101的选育

以自选系L17为母本,8085为父本杂交育成了优质、高产、多抗、大穗型玉米杂交种豫单101。2年省区试该品种平均产量8 542.50 kg/hm2,比对照增产11.7%,籽粒粗蛋白含量11.78%,粗脂肪3.81%,粗淀粉71.46%,赖氨酸0.33%,容重762 g/L。属高蛋白优质粮饲兼用型玉米新品种。     

金刚砂辅助农杆菌进行玉米基因转化研究

对超声波处理方式进行改进,在超声波处理时,加入金刚砂以辅助EPSPS基因转导到玉米幼胚中。结果表明,800粒处理种子播种出苗93株,玉米苗经大田glyphosate筛选有27株具有抗性,进行PCR电泳检测,显示23株阳性,初步证明EPSPS基因已经转化到玉米植株中,转化率为29%。金刚砂辅助处理玉米基因转化具有可行性,利于生产实际操作。     

2019年美国玉米高产竞赛简报

介绍2019年美国玉米高产竞赛情况和竞赛结果,分析全美优胜者的分布区域、选用种子品牌及信息,进而分析玉米高产原因,从而提出美国玉米高产竞赛对我国玉米生产的启示和建议。     

4种旱地耕作方法下不同覆盖形式对玉米产量的影响

秋深耕+秋施肥+春免耕(A1)、秋浅耕+秋施肥+春免耕(A2)两种耕作方法明显优于其他耕作方法,每公顷增产玉米1009.5～1182.0kg;玉米整秆覆盖(B2)、玉米碎秆覆盖(B3)、地膜覆盖(B1)3种覆盖之间无显著差异,但都比不覆盖(B4)显著增产,每公顷增产玉米1031.7～1281.7kg。16个处理中,A1B3(秋深耕+秋施肥+春免耕+玉米碎秆覆盖)、A1B2(秋深耕+秋施肥+春免耕+玉米整秆覆盖)两处理的玉米产量最高,公顷产量达6508.5和6381.0kg,是干旱地区可选择的保墒蓄水增产耕作栽培形式。     

玉米应用30%乙烯利·芸薹素内酯水剂效果研究

采用田间试验方法,研究了30%乙烯利·芸薹素内酯水剂在玉米上的应用效果.结果表明,玉米10叶1心期茎叶喷雾30%乙烯利·芸薹素内酯水剂,能够调节玉米的营养生长,提高其抗倒伏能力.施药500～600 g/hm2,可使玉米增产3.12%～9.18%,但对玉米品质无明显影响.