基于COSMOSMotion太阳能跟踪凸轮机构的设计

太阳能跟踪技术的发展对于太阳能利用的推广具有重要的现实意义.该文设计的凸轮推杆机构具有“单一驱动,双向跟踪”的功能,巧妙地实现了控制单一动力源,同时跟踪太阳方位角和高度角的目的.该文采用穷举法,确定跟踪装置各结构件尺寸,同时借助matlab软件计算出全年每天高度角运动的数据点,并通过COSMOSMotion软件将所有数据点导入,快速仿真出凸轮轮廓线,并且应用SolidWorks三维软件完成了太阳能跟踪装置机械部分设计工作.通过在样机上的实际测试与太阳高度角的理论位置对比得到太阳跟踪机构实际误差精度在7％以内.这种跟踪机构与同类其它产品相比,具有耗能小、可靠性高、抗干扰能力强、易维护等特点,适用于各种小型民用太阳能利用装置.     

一种增强波导多层光盘跟踪信号的方法

波导多层光盘存储系统是基于新原理的存储系统。基于该原理,提出了波导多层光盘的设计思路。自动聚焦和信道跟踪信号是光盘驱动器中的关键信号,用来纠正光盘在旋转中产生的跳动、偏心等误差。针对波导多层光盘的特点,提出了跟踪信号增强的方法,该方法通过控制光盘内层信息面的反射率来提高聚焦和信道跟踪信号的强度。分析结果表明,该方法可以显著提高跟踪信号的平均强度,解决波导多层光盘技术中聚焦寻迹信号微弱的问题。     

电动拖拉机PC-DSPM电机电子变极策略与分析

针对田间作业和转场运输等不同工况时的行驶速度需求,该研究提出使用双凸极变极永磁（pole-changing doubly-salient permanent magnet,PC-DSPM）电机作为电动拖拉机的驱动电机,通过变极获得驱动电机的多种机械特性。基于气隙磁场调制理论,将PC-DSPM电机气隙磁场中的主要工作谐波分为2组,采用电子变极改变电枢绕组连接方式,从而选择不同组别的气隙磁场谐波参与机电能量转换,形成PC-DSPM电机3种运行模式。根据不同模式下的转矩-转速曲线,选取电机在恒功率区的2个变极切换点,并据此将拖拉机的运行速度划分为0～7.7、7.7～10.5和10.5～32.7 km/h共3个区间。为实现平滑变极,构建自抗扰控制和跟踪微分器的PC-DSPM电机变极策略。与采用自抗扰控制的阶跃响应变极相比,虽然2个切换点处的变极时间分别延长至400和600 ms,但变极过程中dq轴电流过渡平稳,转矩波动分别下降8.5%和11.8%,转速恒定在920和1 250 r/min。研究结果可为实现电动拖拉机多工况高效运行及变极永磁电机平滑切换提供理论参考。     

基于嵌入式控制的农机自动驾驶系统布局研究

以农用耕地机为研究对象,设计一款基于嵌入式的自动驾驶控制系统。其控制原理是利用预瞄跟随算法对耕地机进行横向控制,使其根据方向盘的转角调整耕地机转弯半径;利用PID算法对耕地机进行纵向控制,使其根据油门脚踏的开合度、制动脚踏的开合度及挡位状态调整耕地机的行驶速度,从而使耕地机按最佳的运行轨迹行驶。系统以单片机最小系统为处理核心,利用周围的传感器设备和GPS接收设备等将耕地机的位置、速度信息通过解码器和串口通信的方式发送给单片机,进行逻辑运算后通过CAN接口将结果发送给方向盘、油门、制动及挡位驱动电机,从而控制耕地机的运行。仿真实验表明:系统能够减小耕地机行驶过程中的横向误差,可根据土地实况自动调整行驶速度,实现了耕地机的自动驾驶。     

食品质量安全追溯系统研究进展及在茶叶行业应用展望

建立质量安全追溯系统是食品生产全程质量控制的一个重要举措。为了实现从"茶园到茶杯"的全程质量安全监控,推进追溯系统在茶叶行业的应用,通过对国内外有关追溯体系的法律法规和发展现状进行研究,结合中国茶叶行业的发展现状,该文综述了追溯系统在国内外的发展现状,并讨论了在茶叶行业建立追溯系统的意义及前景。茶叶属于特种经济作物,追溯系统的引入不仅可以提高茶叶生产的质量安全水平,加强茶叶质量的监督管理,还对茶文化的普及以及茶叶消费的正确引导有重要的意义。目前茶叶行业应用追溯系统的企业很少,没有统一的信息发布平台,推广茶叶质量安全追溯系统需要以建立试点企业为先导,逐步拓展为全行业行为。     

基于区域气球力Snake模型的运动目标快速跟踪方法

提出了一种包含区域信息的Snake模型用于运动目标检测与跟踪。在通常情况下,基于区域信息的跟踪方法对背景光线的微小变化、位置的微小移动较为敏感,而基于边缘信息的跟踪方法则难以对边缘模糊的图像取得满意的跟踪效果。在算法中同时引入这两种信息,边缘信息使得算法快速而鲁棒性好,区域信息可以对边缘模糊的图像取得正确的跟踪效果。使用双差分图像设计了自动初始化的方法来实现视频的自动跟踪。同时,对目标的下一步运动位置增加了一个预测环节来加快主动轮廓模型的收敛速度。该算法的每帧计算时间一般小于0.1S,能应用于实时系统。     

Overview of a Passive Tracking Index for Monitoring Wild Canids and Associated Species

Population density estimates for many animal species are often difficult or expensive to obtain, and they rely on assumptions that, if violated, result in unmeasurable estimation errors. Density estimates also may be unnecessary for research or management purposes, because an index that tracks changes in a population within appropriate time and geographic constraints could provide the information necessary to make management decisions or to evaluate the impact of a control program. We review research on a passive tracking index where observations are made on a series of tracking plots placed on lightly used dirt roads. The number of sets of tracks (individual intrusions) are recorded for each species of interest on each plot on consecutive days. The mean number of intrusions over the plots is calculated for each day for each species. The index is the mean of the daily means. These design and measurement methods present valuable advantages over most traditional tracking plot methods. Because no scents or baits are used as attractants, no conditioning of animals to the plots biases the results. This also permits multiple species, predator and prey alike, to be simultaneously monitored. Using the number of animal intrusions as observations produces results that are far more sensitive to change than tracking surveys where only presence or absence of spoor are recorded for each plot. Of particular importance, the statistical properties inherent to this data structure permit calculation of standard errors, confidence intervals and statistical tests, without subjectively subdividing the data.     

Low-Cost Livestock Global Positioning System Collar from Commercial Off-the-Shelf Parts

Global Positioning System (GPS) tracking devices are a fundamental technology for quantifying the distribution and movement of livestock across landscapes. Although costs of GPS devices have decreased, it is still cost prohibitive to implement a large number of collars per study. Our objective was to develop and test a low-cost GPS collar using commercial off-the-shelf (COTS) electronic components to study livestock distribution and movement. Our COTS GPS tracker was built using the popular Arduino open-source microcontroller and a low-power timer board to cycle a GPS at defined intervals. Location data were saved to a data card in an open format for easy analysis. Total cost per COTS GPS device (including housing and collar) was $54.78. Average displacement from a known location and 95% circular error probability was 4.58 m, commensurate with other GPS collars. We tested durability and field performance of 25 COTS GPS collars against 24 existing GPS collars recording data at 5-min intervals in a southwest Idaho, United States study area. Our COTS GPS design and test showed that it is possible to manufacture low-cost location tracking devices, but the limitations of such devices must be considered relative to study objectives and duration. Low-cost location trackers will encourage collection of a higher density of location information to better understand patterns of livestock use in rangeland landscapes.     

Assessment of longitudinal systolic function using tissue motion annular displacement in healthy dogs

Introduction

Left ventricular systolic function is one of the main parameters studied in echocardiography. Longitudinal systolic function, however, is less commonly evaluated in routine examinations but may provide early information on systolic dysfunction. The movement of the mitral annulus toward the apex has already been determined as a method for evaluation of longitudinal systolic function in dogs, but the study of this movement by speckle tracking with the tissue motion annular displacement (TMAD) technique has not yet been evaluated.

Avoiding aliens: Behavioural plasticity in habitat use enables large, nocturnal geckos to survive Pacific rat invasions

Rodents are efficient invaders on a global scale and pose a significant threat to native biotas, particularly in systems such as oceanic islands which support a reduced suite of mammals. Pacific rats (Rattus exulans) are implicated in extinctions, range restrictions and declines of vulnerable endemic faunas throughout the Pacific. However, research into the behavioural and ecological modifications that enable native species to persist in the presence of Pacific rats is scant. We examined the population structure, behaviour and microhabitat use of Duvaucel’s geckos (Hoplodactylus duvaucelii; radio-telemetry), and Pacific rats (spool-and-line tracking) on three New Zealand offshore islands with different histories of rat incursions and eradication: (1) Green Island, historically rat-free, (2) Korapuki, from which rats were eradicated 20 years ago, and (3) ōh?¯nau, before and 6 months after rat eradication. Although Pacific rats and Duvaucel’s geckos shared habitat at a broad spatial scale, little overlap in micro-habitat use existed where they were sympatric. In the presence of rats, Duvaucel’s gecko capture rates and recruitment were reduced. However, 6 months after rat eradication, and prior to any recruitment, capture rates of adult geckos increased fourfold and geckos were using a greater proportion of habitat preferred by rats. Thus, we provide strong empirical evidence that Pacific rats ecologically displace Duvaucel’s geckos. Highly plastic spatial avoidance behaviour by native prey species in response to the presence of introduced rodents may enable geckos to persist in sympatry with rodents at least in the short-term.