菊苣族Cichorieae植物果实的解剖结构及分类学意义

本文对我国16属,27种菊苣族植物的果实进行了解剖学研究,主要结果为:(1)属间果壁结构差异很大,属内种间果壁结构比较一致;(2)据果壁结构,将16属归为四亚族,即菊苣亚族、还羊参亚族、毛莲菜亚族和鸦葱亚族,(3)叉枝鸦葱可能是鸦葱亚族向还羊参亚族进化的中间类型;(4)果实横切面形状、果棱形状、数目或缺如,果壁结构等特征可作为该族植物分类上的依据。     

不同培养料对茶薪菇产量的影响

比较分析了以棉籽壳、木屑、玉米芯为主料栽培萘薪菇的产量、生物学效率。其结果表明：以棉籽壳为主料栽培的茶薪菇,生物学效率最高,最优生产配方为：棉籽壳52%,木屑26%,麸皮18%,石膏1．5%,磷肥2%,糖0．5%。     

Suppressiveness of steam-exploded biomass of Miscanthus sinensis var. giganteus against soil-borne plant pathogens

Commercial compost is a renewable resource widely used in horticulture as an organic amendment, though its suppression against soil-borne plant pathogens remains limited. Preliminary studies conducted on the disease suppression effect of the biomass waste obtained in a steam explosion plant demonstrated positive results. Steam-Exploded Biomass (SEB) of Miscanthus sinensis var. giganteus, a herbaceous perennial energy crop, is a multifunctional renewable energy resource, which could also be useful in crop protection to find valid alternative to the compost use in horticulture. The purpose of this work was to assess the suppressiveness of SEB against five plant pathogenic fungi that are important in many Italian horticultural cropping systems. Analyses of the microbial inhibitors (furfurals, organic acids and lignosulfonates) present in the SEB were performed by the High Performance Liquid Chromatography technique. Assessment of toxic effect of the furfurals present in the SEB (furfuraldehyde and 5-hydroxymethylfurfural), added to a growing medium at the different concentration ranges, was carried out in vitro on Phytophthora nicotianae, Pythium ultimum, Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. lactucae, F. oxysporum f. sp. melonis and Rhizoctonia solani. The suppressiveness of SEB, added to a potting soil used in horticulture at the different doses, was tested in vivo on tomato/P. nicotianae, cucumber/P. ultimum, lettuce/F. oxysporum f. sp. lactucae, melon/F. oxysporum f. sp. melonis and bean/R. solani. The results showed that furfuraldehyde, 5-hydroxymethylfurfural, lignosulfonates, acetic and formic acid were detected at a concentration of 2.93, 0.28, 4.12, 10.07 and 1.88 g/kg SEB, respectively. The P. nicotianae, P. ultimum and R. solani fungi were highly inhibited by the addition of 3.2 g/L furfuraldehyde and 0.48 g/L 5-hydroxymethylfurfural. Moreover, the inhibitory effect was found not adequate against F. oxysporum at the same concentrations. The SEB increased significantly the suppressiveness level of the peat substrate on P. ultimum in cucumber and R. solani in bean in all the trials. For P. nicotianae in tomato, the SEB addition showed a significant suppression at the 20 and 30% doses, but the change was not significant at the 10% dose. In case of F. oxysporum f. sp. lactucae in lettuce and F. oxysporum f. sp. melonis in melon, the SEB addition showed no suppressive effect with respect to compost in all the trials. In conclusion, the SEB could be used against some soil-borne fungal diseases in place of compost in the potting soil, and its suppressiveness could be related to the concentration of the microbial inhibitors produced during the processing of fresh biomass in the steam explosion plant.     

Storage method affects disease suppression of flax wilt induced by composts

Compost can have a disease suppressive effect, but compost research is constrained by the fact that repetition of experiments with a similar batch of compost is impossible, since storage affects the organic material including the microbial communities. The objective of this study was to test the hypothesis that differential changes in microbial community structure and associated microbial activities after various storage methods (drying, freezing and cooling) lead to differential changes in the disease suppressive ability of compost material with respect to Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. lini induced by mixes of composts with peat substrate (20/80%, vol./vol.). A significant (P<0.0001) storage method × compost interaction was found with respect to suppression of Fusarium wilt of flax, indicating that the effect of storage type on disease suppression is compost-dependent. For seven composts storage had no (13 cases) or a significantly positive effect (eight cases) on disease suppression and for 1 compost there was a significant negative effect of storage on disease suppression. Significant changes in microbial activity and 16S-rDNA DGGE banding patterns of the composts were observed as a result of all tested ways of storage and these changes could be related to changes in disease suppression: relatively strong changes in microbial activity and bacterial composition due to storage had a relatively strong effect on disease suppression. The cool storage treatment (4 °C) resulted in the least deviation in disease suppression from the fresh compost, although the freezing treatment gave the most reliable results with the lowest standard deviation.     

Long-term effects of compost amendment of soil on functional and structural diversity and microbial activity

We studied the effects of applying different composts (urban organic waste, green waste, manure and sewage sludge), mineral fertilizer and compost plus mineral fertilizer on chemical, biological and soil microbiological parameters over a 12‐year period. The organic C and total N levels in soils were increased by all compost and compost + N treatments. Microbial biomass C was significantly (P ≤ 0.05) increased for some compost treatments. In addition, basal respiration and the metabolic quotient (qCO₂) were significantly higher in all soils that had received sewage sludge compost. The Shannon diversity index (H), based on community level physiological profiling, showed a higher consumption of carbon sources in soils treated with compost and compost + N compared with the control. The utilization of different guilds of carbon sources varied amongst the treatments (compost, compost + N or mineral fertilizer). Cluster analysis of polymerase chain reaction‐denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis patterns showed two major clusters, the first containing the mineral fertilization and compost treatments, and the second, the composts + N treatments. No differences in bacterial community structure could be determined between the different types of compost. However, the results suggest that long‐term compost treatments do have effects on the soil biota. The results indicate that the effects on the qCO₂ may be due to shifts in community composition. In this study, it was not possible to distinguish with certainty between the effects of different composts except for compost derived from sewage sludge.     

Influence of Loss‐on‐Ignition Temperature and Heating Time on Ash Content of Compost and Manure

Abstract

Loss‐on‐ignition (LOI) is a simple method for determining ash content, and by reciprocation, organic matter content of compost and manure. However, reported ignition temperatures and heating times for LOI measurements vary widely, and this brings into question the accuracy of one specific combination of ignition temperature and heating time over another. This study examined the effect of 42 temperature‐heating time combinations (six ignition temperatures from 400 to 650°C in 50°C increments by seven heating times of 1, 2, 8, 12, 16, 20, and 24‐h) on the ash content of a finished compost and a fresh manure. The experiment included the 550°C for 2‐h method recommended in Test Methods for Evaluation of Compost and Composting. The magnitude of the decrease in ash content due to increase in temperature was not consistent across all heating times. For example, after a 1‐h heating time for compost, ash content was 75.7% at 400°C and 67.5% at 650°C, compared to 69.6% at 400°C and 66.8% at 650°C after 24‐h. Irrespective of heating time, an ignition temperature of 400°C overestimated ash content for both compost and manure compared to the TMECC method. The TMECC method with its moderate temperature and short heating time requirement could reduce energy costs without affecting ash content results.     

Compost and Nitrogen Management Influence Productivity of Spring Maize (Zea mays L.) under Deep and Conventional Tillage Systems in Semi-arid Regions

On-farm research was conducted to investigate the effects of nitrogen (N) and compost (C) on yield and yield components of spring maize (Zea mays L.) under conventional and deep tillage system (T) at the research farm of the University of Agriculture, Peshawar, Pakistan, during spring 2013. The experiment was laid out in a randomized complete block design with split-plot arrangement, using three replications. Three compost levels (0, 1, and 2 t ha^?1) and two tillage systems (conventional and deep tillage) were allotted to the main plot, whereas N levels (60, 90, 120, and 150 kg N ha^?1) were allotted to subplots in the form of urea. Nitrogen and compost levels had significantly affected all the parameters. Plots treated with 150 kg N ha^?1 increased ear length (31 cm), grains ear^?1 (413), thousand-grain weight (240.2 g), grain yield (3097 kg ha^?1), straw yield (9294 kg ha^?1), harvest index (24.7 percent), and shelling percentage (81.7 percent). Compost applied at 2 t ha^?1 increased ear length (32 cm), grains ear^?1 (430), thousand-grain weight (242.3 g), grain yield (2974 kg ha^?1), straw yield (8984 kg ha^?1), harvest index (24.6 percent), and shelling percentage (83.2 percent). Tillage system had significant effect on all parameters except ear length and harvest index. Deep tillage system produced more grains ear^?1 (365), thousand-grain weight (233.3 g), grain yield (2630 kg ha^?1), straw yield (8549 kg ha^?1), and shelling percentage (79.6 percent). It was concluded from the results that application of 120 kg N ha^?1 + 2 C t ha^?1 under a deep tillage system could improve spring maize yield and yield-contributing traits under semi-arid conditions.     

The Effect of Different Compost Compositions on Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Colonization and Nutrients Concentration of Leek (allium Porrum L.) Plant

ABSTRACT

Plant residue material produced compost is an organic fertilizer source and it is commonly used for soil amendments. Also in order to reduce the amount of chemical fertilizers need mycorrhizal inoculation can be used as an agricultural strategy. Thus, the aim of the research is to examine the effect of several residue materials produced compost and mycorrhizae fungi with two growth media on leek plant growth, nutrient uptake, and mycorrhizae spores’ production.

Eight different row organic materials and animal manures were used as compost production during 8 months. Leek (Allium porrum L.) plants were inoculated with Funneliformis mosseae and Claroideoglomus etunicatum with a level of 1000-spore per pot. The leek plant was analyzed for determination of nutrient concentration, root colonization, spore production, and shoot/root dry weight.

The composts were made from domestic waste, animal manure (bovine animal), animal manure (ovine animal), and different plant materials were determined to be the most suitable compost material for plant growth and mycorrhizal spore production compared to the rest of compost material. Mycorrhizal inoculation significantly increased leek plant growth and nutrient uptake especially phosphorus (P), potassium (K), copper (Cu) and zinc (Zn). Plants grown in 5:3:2 (volume/volume) growth media was responded better to the mycorrhizal inoculation than grown in 1:1:1 (v/v) growth media. Funneliformis mosseae inoculated plants have higher plant growth and nutrient uptake than that of Claroideoglomus etunicatum inoculation.     

两种有机添加物与低有机质污水污泥的堆肥研究

[目的]为低有机质含量污泥的处理提供方法。[方法]以重庆地区低有机质含量的污水污泥为对象,选择园林有机废弃物和蘑菇渣2种外源添加物,在小试试验的规模上,研究2种有机添加物对污泥堆肥温度和理化指标的影响,并研究通气和未通气状态下堆体内氧气浓度的变化。[结果]蘑菇渣和园林有机废弃物均可作为有机质含量偏低的污泥堆肥合适的调理剂,其中园林有机废弃物作调理剂发酵起爆速度快,堆体温度较高,发酵效果较好。[结论]低有机质含量污泥的堆肥需要添加有机物料调理剂以促进堆肥的进行。     

郑州市污水污泥特性及其堆肥的可行性分析

为了对郑州市城市污水污泥的有效资源化利用途径进行合理建议,对郑州市现有的3座城市污水处理厂的污泥进行了取样分析。结果表明,经过消化处理的污泥偏碱性,未经消化的污泥偏酸性,样品水分含量较高（78%～83%）,含有丰富的有机质、全氮、全磷和全钾,重金属含量相对较低,均符合国家《农用污泥中污染物控制标准》;现有土地填埋法对环境存在很大隐患,也浪费了大量营养,对其营养成分和有害成分进行分析,表明对其进行堆肥处理是可行的。