Bio-efficiency of compost extracts on the wet rot incidence,morphological and physiological growth of okra (Abelmoschus esculentus [(L.) Moench])

An experiment was carried out to investigate the efficacy of rice straw and empty fruit bunch (EFB) of oil palm compost extracts either fortified or unfortified with Trichoderma harzianum on morpho-physiological growth and occurrence of Choanephora wet rot of okra. Treatments tested were water (control) (T1), rice straw (RST) compost extract (T2), Trichoderma-enriched RST compost extract (T3), empty fruit bunch of oil palm compost extract (T4), Trichoderma-enriched EFB compost extract (T5), aqueous suspension of Trichoderma (T6), and a fungicide Dithane M-45^® (2 g l⁻¹ of water) (T7). The experimental results revealed significant variations amongst the treatments in respect of morphological characters, e.g. shoot length, tap root length, number of leaves per plant, and leaf area. The shoot and tap root length, number of leaves per plant, leaf area were significantly (P ≤ 0.05) higher in Trichoderma-enriched RST compost extracts (T3) followed by Dithane M-45^® (T7), Trichoderma-enriched EFB extracts (T5), RST (T2), EFB (T4) and aqueous suspension of T. harzianum (T6) in both Choanephora inoculated and uninoculated (control) plots. Similarly, net photosynthetic rate and chlorophyll content were higher in plants receiving Trichoderma-enriched RST compost extracts (T3) with 76.2% reduction in Choanephora wet rot incidence when compared with rest of the treatments. These experimental results revealed that morpho-physiological characters of okra could be modified by the application of Trichoderma-enriched compost extracts. This suggests that use of Trichoderma-enriched compost extracts would be more beneficial in environmentally friendly okra cultivation and may be used as an alternative to inorganic fertilizers/fungicides to enhance plant growth and reduce disease incidence subsequently, resulting in higher yield.     

辣椒废弃物与堆肥对根结线虫的抑制效果

以辣椒废弃物和堆肥为拮抗根结线虫的原料,通过生物急性毒性试验和盆栽试验研究了其对番茄根结线虫的影响。结果表明,在堆肥中添加辣椒废弃物后,其浸提液对根结线虫的校正死亡率从61.4%提高到90%以上,且在辣椒废弃物含量较低时就有较强的致死作用;盆栽试验结果表明,添加辣椒废弃物、堆肥与辣椒废弃物的混合物后,番茄的根结数量分别比不添加有机物料的对照降低78.9%和81.8%,且与对照差异显著;但对于土壤中线虫的数量,只有单独施用堆肥的处理表现出了抑制效果。     

奶牛场“大通铺”卧床技术模式探讨

本文简述了牛场大通铺卧床的含义及国内外应用情况,并通过牛场实例较为详细地介绍了大通铺卧床的建设、管理及使用效果,总结了这种卧床的优点及应用限制条件,为奶牛场从源头减少粪污量提供一种思路。     

污泥好氧堆肥的试验研究

[目的]研究城市污水处理剩余污泥农用的可行性。[方法]利用自行设计的好氧堆肥装置,将某污水处理厂的剩余污泥与稻草按体积比1∶11、∶2、1∶3、1∶4进行混合堆肥,观察堆肥过程中堆肥箱内的温度、含水率、钾含量等参数的变化,评价堆肥腐熟度。[结果]污泥与稻草按体积比1∶2进行混合堆肥时,堆肥箱内的温度上升较快,含水率的下降幅度较大,有机质含量下降较快,钾含量较高,铜含量增加最少,锌含量降低最明显,堆肥腐熟度较好,各项指标均符合腐熟度要求,实现了污泥的资源化、无害化和稳定化。[结论]城市污水处理剩余污泥具有农用性,当污泥与稻草体积比为1∶2时,堆肥的效果较好。     

9种嗜热菌处理猪粪堆肥对一串红生长的影响

研究了不同的外源菌剂处理过的猪粪堆肥对植物生长的影响,首先从北京周边地区的养殖场猪粪、垃圾场中筛选出了9株高效降解有机物的嗜热菌,将其扩大培养,分别接种到猪粪中,堆肥发酵。经发酵完全后。作基肥对一串红进行种植试验,观察其对一串红生长的影响。从株高、叶量、冠幅、根长、叶绿素含量等方面进行了观测,通过主成分分析方法,计算出了一串红生长的形态和生理两个主要指标,继而通过此指标来检测了这9种猪粪堆肥对一串红生长的影响。结果表明：接种外源菌种处理的猪粪堆肥对在形态方面对一串红生长有较好的影响。其中GX-3菌种在堆肥过程中有利于腐殖酸的形成,从而促进了一串红的形态生长。     

稀土添加剂对猪粪堆肥的影响

首次将稀土添加剂应用于有机物发酵,各种添加剂对促进猪粪堆肥腐熟和提高堆肥品质均有较好的效果,其中稀土国光的综合性能最佳。添加剂对堆肥的促进作用可归因于其能有效促进猪粪堆肥中微生物的生长、繁殖,从而增强了微生物对有机物的分解作用,使堆肥快速成熟。     

Short-term compost effect on macroaggregation in a sandy soil under low rainfall in the valley of Mexico

Several studies have shown the importance of organic material in the formation and stability of soil aggregates. The organic matter of soil (SOM) is affected among other factors by the application of farmyard waste and compost, as well as tillage and crop rotation. This paper examines the aggregation and stability of a sandy soil (Haplic Fluvisol) in the valley of Mexico when treated with either 40 Mg ha⁻¹ of compost or urea (80 kg ha⁻¹ of N) and sown to amaranth (Amaranthus hypochondriacus L.) under dryland conditions. The application of compost resulted in a significantly larger proportion of aggregates in the fractions >1 mm (1.0–2.0, 2.0–2.3, 2.3–4.7 mm) than in the smaller fraction (<1 mm). However the stability of the macroaggregates >1 mm in the compost treatment was not higher than in contrasting treatments which did not include organic matter. Compost, which was applied under drought conditions, did not increase the aggregate stability of the soil probably because of the restricted transformation of the compost and microorganism activity.     

水解类酶活性在农业废弃物静态高温堆腐过程中的变化

在静态通气条件下,以养鸡场鸡粪、小麦秸秆为原料,研究了堆腐过程水解类酶活性、pH值、电导率(EC)变化。结果表明,加入微生物菌剂后纤维素酶、蔗糖酶活性在堆腐过程中的变化趋势同CK处理(不加微生物菌剂)基本一致,但两种酶的活性高峰值都高于CK处理,其峰值分别达到了glucose0.457mg/(g·24h)和glucose87.836mg/(g·24h),两种酶高峰值的出现均早于CK处理,其中纤维素酶活性高峰值较CK处理提前出现2d,蔗糖酶活性高峰值较CK处理提前出现6d;加入微生物菌剂能提高脲酶活性水平及其峰值;加入微生物菌剂处理的pH值相对较低,变化幅度较小;加入微生物菌剂后EC值较高。     

Effects of Different Organic Materials on Crop Production under a Rice–Corn Cropping Sequence

Soil organic matter (SOM) is an important index of soil quality because of its relationship with crop yield. The application of organic matter to soil is a significant method for increasing SOM. Different organic materials have varying effects in increasing SOM. This study investigates the effects of combining different sources of organic matter (i.e., compost, leguminous green manure, and peat) with a chemical nitrogen (N) fertilizer on the growth and N accumulation in corn and rice plants. This study examines seven treatments, including a no-fertilization check and a conventional chemical fertilizer treatment. Shoots of corn and rice were sampled at the tasseling (panicle initiation for rice) and maturity stages. The biomass yield was measured and the total N was analyzed. At the maturity stage, the soil samples were collected to determine the chemical properties. The results showed that a small percentage of the N in the compost and peat, after their application, was available to the crop during the growth season; the production of biomass and N absorption among rice and corn plants was minimal compared to that treated with chemical N fertilizer. The application of compost and peat resulted in SOM accumulation, particularly with peat. However, the application of compost combined with chemical fertilizer not only produced sufficient nutrients for crop growth but also resulted in an accumulation of SOM, which is vital for enhancing the soil quality. Most of the N in green manure (GM) was mineralized shortly after application, causing excessive growth of rice and corn plants during the early stage, but reducing their reproductive growth and grain yield.     

Changes induced by Trichoderma harzianum in suppressive compost controlling Fusarium wilt

The addition of species of Trichoderma to compost is a widespread technique used to control different plant diseases. The biological control activity of these species is mainly attributable to a combination of several mechanisms of action, which may affect the microbiota involved in the suppressiveness of compost. This study was therefore performed to determine the effect of inoculation of Trichoderma harzianum (T. harzianum) on compost, focusing on bacterial community structure (16S rRNA) and chitinase gene diversity. In addition, the ability of vineyard pruning waste compost, amended (GCTh) or not (GC) with T. harzianum, to suppress Fusarium wilt was evaluated. The addition of T. harzianum resulted in a high relative abundance of certain chitinolytic bacteria as well as in remarkable protection against Fusarium oxysporum comparable to that induced by compost GC. Moreover, variations in the abiotic characteristics of the media, such as pH, C, N and iron levels, were observed. Despite the lower diversity of chitinolytic bacteria found in GCTh, the high relative abundance of Streptomyces spp. may be involved in the suppressiveness of this growing media. The higher degree of compost suppressiveness achieved after the addition of T. harzianum may be due not only to its biocontrol ability, but also to changes promoted in both abiotic and biotic characteristics of the growing media.