不同含水比例乳化柴油的喷雾特性研究

通过定容弹模拟乳化柴油喷雾形成全过程,采用高速摄影技术记录了柴油、含水质量百分比分别为10%和15%的乳化柴油的喷雾形成过程,从喷雾锥角、贯穿距、锋面速度、喷雾吹偏、喷雾边缘雾化效果等五个方面对不同含水比例乳化柴油的喷雾特性进行了试验研究。结果表明:与柴油比较,乳化柴油的喷雾锥角降低,喷雾贯穿距和锋面速度基本相当,涡流吹偏现象变弱,喷雾边缘雾化效果变差;E15乳化柴油的喷雾锥角和喷雾边缘雾化效果优于E10乳化柴油;水分在雾化过程中的"微爆效应"可在一定程度上改善乳化柴油的雾化质量。     

Effect of passive pneumoperitoneum on oesophageal pressure, cardiovascular parameters and blood gas analysis in horses

Reasons for performing study: Standing surgical procedures are being employed to an ever‐greater extent in horses. Pneumoperitoneum during abdominal surgery might adversely affect the work of breathing. Objectives: To determine whether development of pneumoperitoneum during abdominal surgery adversely influences the work of breathing. Methods: Eight healthy mature horses were equipped with carotid artery and thoracic vena cava catheters and an intraluminal manometry system. The following measurements were obtained before and at +5, +10, +15 and +30 min following establishment of pneumoperitoneum by paralumbar puncture using an 8 gauge needle: vital signs, oesophageal pressure, gastric pressure, arterial and central venous blood pressures, and arterial and mixed venous blood gas analyses. Results: Significant changes in oesophageal pressure, central venous pressure and results of arterial and mixed venous blood gas analysis were not detected. Arterial diastolic and mean pressures and rectal temperature increased slightly (P≤0.05). Conclusions: Passive pneumoperitoneum did not adversely affect breathing mechanics or haemodynamic variables under experimental conditions. Changes in arterial pressure could have occurred as a response to the passive pneumoperitoneum or be related to handling stress. Subtle variations in rectal temperature were not clinically relevant and likely resulted from stress associated with restraint. Potential relevance: It is unlikely that mature horses will develop signs of respiratory difficulty as a result of the development of passive pneumoperitoneum during standing laparoscopy.     

不同尿素水平氨化稻草体外培养发酵的产气规律

本试验旨在研究不同尿素水平氨化稻草的体外培养发酵产气规律。选用2头安装有永久性瘤胃瘘管、平均体重为240 kg的西门塔尔牛作为瘤胃液供体,分别使用0(加等量水)、2%、4%、6%和8%的尿素比例(尿素重量∶稻草重量)和80%的水(水重量∶稻草重量)对稻草进行氨化处理,另设未处理稻草作为对照。采用体外产气法测定氨化稻草在体外培养发酵2、4、8、12、24、36、48 h的产气量。结果表明:随着尿素水平的升高,氨化稻草的产气量逐渐升高。2%组48 h产气量与未处理组差异不显著(P>0.05),4%、6%和8%组48 h产气量均极显著高于未处理组(P<0.01)。0%组的48 h产气量均显著低于其他各组(P<0.01)。各组的理论总产气量之间差异不显著(P>0.05),稻草氨化处理以尿素使用量为稻草干物质的4%～6%为宜。     

杉木根的干馏及干馏可燃气的组成

以杉木根为原料,通过干馏的方法制备干馏杉木精油,木醋液、木焦油、木炭及可燃气体。重点研究了不凝性可燃气体在不同温度区间的释放及气体中CO、CH4、H、CO2的组成,气体的热值及其变化。结果显示：150～260℃区间,不凝性气体的主要成分为CO2,其次为CO;260～490℃区间,CO2相对体积分数明显下降,而CH4明显上升,最高达到了26%,最终H2相对体积分数也达到了12%。得到的可燃气体的热值基本在6 281 kJ/m3以上,平均热值也达到 8 374 kJ/m3以上,是一种具有较高热值的清洁能源。干馏可同时得到干馏杉木精油、木醋液、焦油、木炭及不凝性可燃气,产率分别为9%、33.5%、5.5%、32.9%、15%,杉木根原料全部转化成了产品,无废弃,无排放,产品的总转化率达到了90%以上,实现了资源的综合利用,绿色环保。     

Effects of cuvette surface material on ammonia‐, nitrous oxide‐, carbon dioxide‐, and methane‐concentration measurements

Closed‐chamber systems are commonly used to determine gaseous C and N emissions from agricultural soils. We investigated the effects of eight cuvette surfaces on two standard gas concentrations of NH₃, N₂O, CO₂, and CH₄ under laboratory conditions. Cuvette surface materials differentially affected gas adhesion or recovery as a function of the type and the concentration of the gases. Given the strong effects on results of gas measurements in closed‐chamber systems, both the type and the concentration of the measured gases need to be considered in selecting cuvette surface materials.     

有机农业发展的低碳机理分析

温室气体排放引起的全球气候变暖是人类关注的环境热点问题之一。本文从农业生态系统影响全球变暖的主要温室气体(CO₂、N₂O 和CH₄)的产生和排放出发, 探讨有机农业在生产减排和土壤固碳方面的机理。研究发现相对于常规农作而言, 有机农业在减排和固碳方面具有很大优势和潜力; 然而, 从长期来看, 通过土壤固碳减少大气温室气体的排放不是无限制的, 到一定程度后会达到一个平衡。因此, 更多的有效固碳途径和管理措施有待于进一步研究。同时, 从低碳理念出发, 强调中国加强有机农业环境效益研究的必要性。     

某小型汽油机燃烧过程模拟分析研究

节能减排已成为当今发动机发展的重要方向之一,而燃烧过程将直接影响发动机的经济性与排放性。通过模拟软件模拟分析了某125mL发动机燃烧室选用单火花塞和双火花塞时气缸内的燃烧进程、燃烧生成物速率及缸内湍流火焰速率。通过模拟结果可发现,双火花塞气缸内燃烧效率、生成物速率均好于单火花塞气缸内的燃烧效率、生成物速度;双火花塞气缸内的湍流速度要高于单火花塞气缸内的湍流速度。模拟计算结果为汽油机节能提供了一种有效途径,将为汽油机提高经济性提供一定的理论借鉴。     

农用柴油机排气消声器的设计研究

随着我国汽车工业的蓬勃兴起,发动机排气消声技术得到长足发展。为此,通过市场调研,利用CFD流体仿真软件FLUENT建立消声器实体模型,进行了数值模拟仿真分析,对潍拖R3105T3四冲程柴油机进行了性能测试试验,取得了较好的效果,为发动机排气消声技术的改进提供了借鉴。     

Seasonal variation and fire effects on CH4, N2O and CO2 exchange in savanna soils of northern Australia

Tropical savanna ecosystems are a major contributor to global CO₂, CH₄ and N₂O greenhouse gas exchange. Savanna fire events represent large, discrete C emissions but the importance of ongoing soil-atmosphere gas exchange is less well understood. Seasonal rainfall and fire events are likely to impact upon savanna soil microbial processes involved in N₂O and CH₄ exchange. We measured soil CO₂, CH₄ and N₂O fluxes in savanna woodland (Eucalyptus tetrodonta/Eucalyptus miniata trees above sorghum grass) at Howard Springs, Australia over a 16 month period from October 2007 to January 2009 using manual chambers and a field-based gas chromatograph connected to automated chambers. The effect of fire on soil gas exchange was investigated through two controlled burns and protected unburnt areas. Fire is a frequent natural and management action in these savanna (every 1-2 years). There was no seasonal change and no fire effect upon soil N₂O exchange. Soil N₂O fluxes were very low, generally between −1.0 and 1.0 μg N m⁻² h⁻¹, and often below the minimum detection limit. There was an increase in soil NH₄⁺ in the months after the 2008 fire event, but no change in soil NO₃⁻. There was considerable nitrification in the early wet season but minimal nitrification at all other times.Savanna soil was generally a net CH₄ sink that equated to between −2.0 and −1.6 kg CH₄ ha⁻¹ y⁻¹ with no clear seasonal pattern in response to changing soil moisture conditions. Irrigation in the dry season significantly reduced soil gas diffusion and as a consequence soil CH₄ uptake. There were short periods of soil CH₄ emission, up to 20 μg C m⁻² h⁻¹, likely to have been caused by termite activity in, or beneath, automated chambers. Soil CO₂ fluxes showed a strong bimodal seasonal pattern, increasing fivefold from the dry into the wet season. Soil moisture showed a weak relationship with soil CH₄ fluxes, but a much stronger relationship with soil CO₂ fluxes, explaining up to 70% of the variation in unburnt treatments. Australian savanna soils are a small N₂O source, and possibly even a sink. Annual soil CH₄ flux measurements suggest that the 1.9 million km² of Australian savanna soils may provide a C sink of between −7.7 and −9.4 Tg CO₂-e per year. This sink estimate would offset potentially 10% of Australian transport related CO₂-e emissions. This CH₄ sink estimate does not include concurrent CH₄ emissions from termite mounds or ephemeral wetlands in Australian savannas.     

干旱胁迫对丹参幼苗气体交换特征和保护酶活性的影响

以大叶型丹参(SA)和小叶型丹参(SI)为材料,设置了对照正常供水(CK)、轻度干旱胁迫(LD)、中度干旱胁迫(MD)、重度干旱胁迫(SD)4个处理,研究了不同程度干旱胁迫对丹参叶片气体交换特征与保护酶的影响.结果显示:(1)干旱胁迫下2个丹参品种叶片的净光合速率(Pn)、蒸腾速率(T.)、气孔导度(Gs)都有不同程度...