气质联用仪对不同年份赤霞珠干红葡萄酒香气的测定分析

为区分不同年份赤霞珠干红葡萄酒,并建立其香气特征,选取2007、2009、2011、2013四个年份的赤霞珠葡萄酒作为研究对象,对其香气物质进行测定和分析,采用搅拌棒吸附萃取法进行前期处理,以2-辛醇为内标物进行气相色谱-质谱(GC-MS)检测,对结果进行香气特征分类和主成分分析。结果表明,赤霞珠葡萄酒香气物质中醇类、酯类含量最高,其次为有机酸类;萜烯类、降异戊二烯类和其他类物质含量相对较少,在对不同年份赤霞珠干红葡萄酒酒样香气成分进行香气活力值计算统计后得出,果香味是其主要香气特征,浓郁程度和年份相关。     

香荚兰籽中挥发性成分分析

采用固相微萃取-气质色谱-质谱联用技术,以萃取挥发性成分种类数和萃取量Y值大小作为衡量萃取效果指标优化萃取条件,测定分析香荚兰籽中挥发性成分的组成,通过峰面积归一化法计算各挥发性成分的相对含量,并结合测定相关物质的保留指数(Retention index,RI)值进行定性分析。结果表明,利用75μm碳分子筛/聚二甲基硅氧烷萃取纤维头,样品量1.0 g,萃取温度80℃,萃取时间20 min,解析时间8 min时,萃取效果最佳,香荚兰籽中含有48种挥发性成分,相对含量为90.44%。其主要挥发性成分为香草醛、邻甲氧基苯酚、苯酚和呋喃甲醛,相对含量分别为80.22%、1.61%、1.23%和1.00%。     

Electron microscopic observations of sooty moulds on crape myrtle leaves

Sooty moulds on crape myrtle leaves were investigated using light and electron microscopy. The adaxial leaf surface was distinctly covered with soot‐like masses of dark brown hyphae and conidia. The main characteristics of the sooty moulds included stauroconidia, conidial clusters, hyphal degeneration and extracellular melanin depositions. Some conidia were round, measured ~10 μm in diameter, and mostly one‐septate; others were branched and multiseptate (stauroconidia). Based on their morphology, the sooty moulds were determined to consist of several component fungal species belonging to genera such as Antennaria, Metacapnodium and Tripospermum. Enclosed in electron‐dense melanin layers, hyphae and conidial clusters had concentric bodies exhibiting electron‐transparent cores and electron‐dense shells with fibrillar sheaths. Concentric bodies are hypothesized to function as multilayer lipid‐encapsulated nanobubbles or eukaryotic gas vesicles for cytoplasmic volume control. Intrahyphal hyphae possessed electron‐dense cytoplasm and lipid globules. These results suggest that sooty moulds are equipped with melanized cell walls, multicelled resting structures, hyphal regeneration, intrahyphal growth and gas vesicles to adapt to their xeric phylloplane environment. Condensed and elongated starch granules in the chloroplasts of mesophyll tissues may indicate the acclimation of the sooty leaf regions to light reduction and temperature increase.     

车用燃气发动机理想空燃比的融合控制算法

针对车用燃气发动机空燃比难于实时精确控制,探讨了一种最优空燃比融合控制策略.首先分析了燃烧室的控制论特性,研究了优化的控制策略,基于HSIC动静态特性与误差特征识别模型,构造了基于HSIC控制算法.在Matlab环境下,分别采用基于仿人智能融合控制与Smith最优PID控制的算法作了仿真对比研究,系统响应验证了融合控制算法优于Smith最优PID控制策略.仿真结果表明,采用融合控制算法实现对燃气发动机的最优空燃比控制是合理与可取的.     

甜瓜叶片光合产物输出能力对弱光的响应

【目的】研究甜瓜果实发育期坐果节位叶片光合能力、蔗糖合成能力和水苏糖装载能力对遮光的响应,分析不同耐弱光性甜瓜品种同化物输出能力的差异,为进一步研究甜瓜耐弱光品种果实糖分卸载与积累机理奠定基础。【方法】以耐弱光甜瓜品种‘玉金香’和不耐弱光品种‘钰雪三号’为试材,在日光温室条件下于授粉后进行遮光处理,每5 d取样一次,取坐果节位叶片测定叶绿素含量、气体交换参数、葡萄糖、果糖、蔗糖、肌醇半乳糖苷、棉子糖、水苏糖和淀粉含量,同时测定叶片蔗糖磷酸合成酶（SPS）、蔗糖合成酶（SS）、中性转化酶（NI）、酸性转化酶（AI）、肌醇半乳糖苷合成酶（GS）和水苏糖合成酶（STS）活性。【结果】遮光处理后,两个甜瓜品种叶片叶绿素a/b、净光合速率（Pn）、葡萄糖、果糖和蔗糖含量均显著降低,淀粉含量升高,‘玉金香’叶绿素a/b降幅（10.0%）大于‘钰雪三号’（5.8%）,而Pn、蔗糖含量降幅（分别为30.3%和30.9%）和淀粉含量增幅（3.6%）均显著小于‘钰雪三号’（分别为45.2%、60.6%和20.4%）。遮阴条件下,两个品种叶片蔗糖代谢相关酶SPS、SS、AI和NI活性均显著降低,‘玉金香’SPS和SS酶活降幅（分别为16.5%和30.0%）显著小于‘钰雪三号’（31.6%和40.5%）,而AI和NI降幅（分别为23.8%和12.7%）高于‘钰雪三号’。遮光后甜瓜叶片肌醇半乳糖苷含量和GS活性均显著降低,但品种间差异不显著。棉子糖、水苏糖和STS活性均显著降低,‘玉金香’棉子糖含量降幅（65.3%）显著高于‘钰雪三号’（35.0%）,而水苏糖和STS活性降幅（分别为79.5%和23.8%）小于‘钰雪三号’。【结论】遮光条件下,耐弱光品种‘玉金香’叶片蔗糖合成能力和水苏糖装载能力下降较少,具有较强的同化物输出能力。     

大豆脂肪酸含量积累动态及亚麻酸代谢候选基因筛选

大豆脂肪酸5种组分中亚麻酸含量是影响大豆品质主要因素之一,与其他4种脂肪酸比例直接影响大豆油脂品质特性及贮运加工,大豆油具有适宜亚油酸与亚麻酸比例。文章通过高效气相色谱法对品种‘合丰25’(高亚麻酸含量品种,5.94%)与加拿大稳定品系‘L-5’(低亚麻酸含量品种,2.75%)及其组配重组自交系群体中选取高/低亚麻酸品系各2份,盆栽试验分析脂肪酸组分及含量。结合KEGG中大豆脂肪酸代谢途径筛选与不饱和脂肪酸代谢相关候选基因,对筛选RIL群体后代品系发育各时期作实时定量PCR,分析其在‘合丰25’和‘L-5’及后代品系中表达模式。结果表明,相同基因在不同品种之间对亚麻酸含量调控机制不同,不同时期基因表达量对亚麻酸积累量具有不同程度影响。研究结果为探索大豆亚麻酸积累规律及其候选基因影响,选育理想脂肪酸组分比例大豆新品种提供参考。     

玉米纤维饲料、青贮玉米和苜蓿干草间组合效应研究

试验旨在研究玉米纤维饲料(DCGF)、青贮玉米、苜蓿干草间组合效应,将DCGF与青贮玉米以0100、1585、2575、3565、4555、1000比例组合,利用体外瘤胃发酵技术,分析不同组合对体外发酵指标、单项组合和综合组合效应值影响,选择DCGF与青贮玉米理想组合比例(X);再与苜蓿干草以0100、2080、4060、6040、8020和1000组合发酵,筛选3种饲料间适宜组合比例。结果表明,DCGF与青贮玉米各组合在产气参数上差异显著(P0.05),随着DCGF比例增加,菌体蛋白、总挥发性脂肪酸产量逐渐提高;多项组合效应指标评定结果表明DCGF与青贮玉米以3565组合时正组合效应值最大。DCGF/青贮玉米(3565)与苜蓿干草以8020比例组合时产气量最大,以6040比例组合时氨态氮组合效应值最大,以8020组合时总挥发性脂肪酸组合效应值最大。综合组合效应指数,表明DCGF/青贮玉米(3565)与苜蓿干草以6040比例组合时效应值最大。由此可见,DCGF与青贮玉米以3565比例组合较为适宜,DCGF/青贮玉米(3565)与苜蓿干草以6040比例组合效果较好。     

掺烧比对共轨柴油机燃用LNG-柴油双燃料循环变动的影响

【目的】研究掺混比对双燃料发动机循环变动的影响,将电控共轨柴油机改装为柴油引燃天然气的双燃料发动机,天然气在进气歧管前通过混合器与空气混合,引燃柴油由原高压共轨系统供应,喷油量和喷油正时由双燃料ECU控制.【方法】利用发动机试验台架,对比分析了转速为1 600r/min、50%负荷和1 200r/min、100%负荷下,柴油机和不同掺烧比的LNG-柴油双燃料发动机的燃烧循环变动.【结果】随掺烧比的增大,转速为1 600r/min、负荷为50%时,双燃料发动机峰值压力平均值增大,而转速为1 200r/min、负荷为100%时,双燃料发动机的峰值压力先增大后减小;峰值压力标准差增大,循环分布分散;峰值压力升高率的平均值和标准差均增大,循环分布分散;平均指示压力平均值降低,标准差增大.【结论】与柴油机相比,双燃料发动机循环变动系数增大.     

Chlorophyll Fluorescence,Photosynthetic and Morphological Characteristics of Waterlogged Sesame Seedlings

Two sesame accessions, ZZM2541 and Ezhi-2, with different tolerance to waterlogging were selected, and the seedlings at the 4-true leaf stage were treated by waterlogging for 48 h. Growth parameters were evaluated 1 d before the beginning of waterlogging and on the 3rd day after the removal of waterlogging (DARW). Morphological characteristics of root and chlorophyll fuorescence were measured on the 3rd DARW and leaf gas exchange was measured on the zero, 3rd and 15th DARW. Results showed that sesame accessions ZZM2541 and Ezhi-2 responded to waterlogging in considerably different performance.The stress induced leaf chlorosis and abscission and slowed growth of plant height in both accessions, but symptom occurred seriously in the susceptive Ezhi-2. In the more tolerant ZZM2541, plentiful of adventitious roots formed above the level.All of the average values of maximum fuorescence yield (Fm), quantum efficiency of open PSII centres (Fv/Fm), initial fluorescence (Fv/F0) and chlorophyll content (Chl) decreased at the 4-true leaf stage in both accessions after suffering to the stress.The decreases of Fm, Fv/F0 and Chl were more pronounced in Ezhi-2 than in ZZM2541. Less reductions of mean photosynthetic rate (Pn), transpiration rate (Tr), and stomatal conductance (gs) were observed in the leaves of waterlogged ZZM2541 than in waterlogged Ezhi-2 (compared to controls), and the leaves of Ezhi-2 showed a higher water use efficiency (WUE) after the removal of waterlogging. Based on the results, it was concluded that the tolerance to waterlogging of ZZM2541 appears to depend on a combination of photosynthetic characteristics responses and morphological adaption.     

生物地球化学模型DNDC的研究进展与碳动态模拟应用

脱氮脱碳模型(denitrification-decomposition,DNDC)是通过计算反硝化和有机质分解来模拟氮和碳从土壤丢失而转移入大气时的主要生物地球化学过程模型。作为目前国际上最成功的模拟陆地生物地球化学循环的模型之一,本文主要阐述了DNDC模型的发展过程及其结构,整理了DNDC模型在碳动态模拟过程中的主要研究进展,总结了当前DNDC模型在碳动态模拟领域的应用热点和优势。