溶剂及pH值对皂化后辣椒碱萃取效果的影响

为优化辣椒油树脂皂化液中辣椒碱的萃取纯化条件,以辣椒油树脂为原料,通过对皂化溶液选用不同的萃取溶剂(石油醚、正己烷、乙酸乙酯、乙醚)和调节不同pH值(6.50、7.50、8.50、9.50、10.50)来确定萃取辣椒碱的最佳工艺参数,并利用GC-MS法测定不同条件下苹取液中辣椒碱类化合物与杂质的组分及其相对含量.结果表...     

乙醇发酵分离耦合技术的研究进展

针对终产物乙醉对酒精发酵过程的抑制问题,介绍了吸附、萃取、真空、膜分离和气提等乙醇发酵分离耦合技术及其研究进展,评述了上述几种方法在分离乙醇发酵产物方面的优点和不足,并对各类方法作了比较,最后对乙醇发酵分离耦合的发展方向进行了展望.     

卷烟中 ６种重金属的燃吸转移率与分布研究

为了解卷烟抽吸过程中重金属元素的分布规律、转移率和转移量,采用微波消解前处理烟叶样品及电感耦合等离子体质谱法 （ＩＣＰ－ＭＳ）检测了 ４个处理有代表性的烤烟 Ｃ３Ｆ等级烟叶样品燃吸后 Ｐｂ,Ｃｒ,Ｃｕ,Ａｓ,Ｃｄ,Ｈｇ等 ６种重金属元素在灰分、滤嘴、其他 （烟蒂和侧流烟气）、主流烟气气相及粒相中的转移率及残留量。结果表明：汞在主流烟气气相中能被检测出,其余５种重金属元素未被检测到;６种重金属元素在烟支燃吸过程中大部分均转移至灰分、其他 （烟蒂和侧流烟气）中,只有少量转移至主流烟气粒相 （转移率低于 ３.５％）和滤嘴 （转移率低于 ８.５％）中;就主流烟气粒相中残留量趋势为：高浓度处理〉中等浓度处理〉低浓度处理〉空白对照。     

Gas composition of baled grass silage as influenced by the amount,stretch, colour and type of plastic stretch‐film used to wrap the bales,and by the frequency of bale handling

The effectiveness of the polyethylene stretch‐film barrier to air infiltration is the major factor affecting the preservation of silage in bales. Three separate experiments investigated the effects of the number of layers of stretch‐film cover, film colour, stretch extent, film type and frequency of bale handling on gas composition, surface mould growth and conservation characteristics of baled grass silages. Monitoring gas composition in bales during ensiling proved useful for assessing the success with which wrapped bales were stored anaerobically. Under good storage conditions the early stages of ensiling were characterized by the rapid reduction of O₂ concentration in the bale and the creation of a CO₂‐rich environment. However, wrapping bales in only two layers of stretch‐film failed to create the anaerobic conditions required for a successful fermentation and the inhibition of visible fungal growth. In contrast, a minimum of four layers of stretch‐film were required to achieve suitably anaerobic conditions, but the additional benefits of applying more layers were relatively small. Under temperate climatic conditions with moderate solar radiation, film colour had little effect on the gas composition in baled silage. Likewise, the extent of stretching applied to the film at wrapping and film type had no influence on gas composition, baled silage quality or mould development. However, frequent mechanical handling of bales after wrapping had a negative effect on gas composition and surface mould growth, and thus should be kept to a minimum.     

Rice bran, a potential source of biodiesel production in Indonesia

Biodiesel is a biodegradable, renewable, non-toxic and environmentally friendly alternative fuel. The cost of raw materials comprises 60-88% of the production cost in commercial biodiesel (fatty acid methyl esters, FAMEs) production. Therefore, the use of low-cost raw material as a substrate and an in situ process for biodiesel production are being preferred. In this case, rice bran, which contains 13.5% oil, was an interesting substrate. In situ esterification of high-acidity rice bran with methanol and sulfuric acid catalyst was investigated. The individual and interaction effects of methanol to rice bran ratio, sulfuric acid catalyst concentration and reaction time on purity and recovery of biodiesel were discussed. Our results suggest that under the following operation conditions: methanol to rice bran ratio of 5 mL/g, sulfuric acid concentration in methanol of 1.5 vol.%, and reaction time of 60 min, an in situ esterification operated on rice bran could yield FAMEs with a high purity and recovery. By applying an in situ esterification with n-hexane/water extractions, Indonesia will be succesfull in obtaining biodiesel from rice bran up to 96,000 ton per year.     

巴西橡胶树气刺割胶中不同刺激位置的生理效应

以常规割胶(1/2阳线割胶)为对照,比较分析了气刺割胶条件下不同刺激位置对干胶产量,胶乳中干胶、蔗糖、硫醇、无机磷、镁离子含量以及黄色体破裂指数等生理参数的影响。结果表明,除了在阳线上方进行刺激的处理外,其它处理的产量以及蔗糖、硫醇、无机磷含量均高于对照,干胶含量、镁离子含量和黄色体破裂指数均低于对照;其中在阴线上方刺激的处理产量最高,生理状况良好,显示出了良好的产胶潜力。     

施用生物炭对农田土壤氮素转化关键过程的影响

生物炭作为一种土壤改良剂,施入土壤后不仅能有效改善土壤结构,提高土壤对营养元素的吸附能力,还可减少温室气体的排放,增强生物固氮能力,因此在农业生产和缓解气候变化方面有着巨大的应用前景。生物炭的输入将直接影响农田土壤氮素的循环和转化,本文结合国内外大量文献,综合分析总结了施用生物炭对土壤氮素转化过程的影响,重点从生物炭对土壤氮素矿化、氮素损失以及硝化、反硝化作用和生物固氮过程的影响过程展开阐述。并在此基础上,提出今后应加强生物炭对氮素转化的作用机理及对环境的长期正负效应研究,特别是对相关微生物群落的多样性、丰度以及土壤酶活性方面的研究,同时提出相关研究应建立在统一的生物炭标准之上,以明确区分生物炭的作用效果及其作用机制。     

4类干制食用菌风味成分的GC-MS分析

采用热风干燥对新鲜白灵菇、双孢菇、香菇、杏鲍菇进行干制处理,利用顶空-固相微萃取技术分别对其挥发性成分进行提取,用气相色谱-质谱（GC-MS）联用技术进行分析,结果表明干制白灵菇的挥发性成分主要为醛类化合物,相对含量为43.77%;干制双孢菇的挥发性成分主要为醇类化合物,相对含量为61.873%;干制香菇的挥发性成分主要为硫化物,相对含量为74.3%;干制杏鲍菇的挥发性成分主要为醛类化合物,相对含量为44.285%。     

An analysis method of thermodynamic cycle for Stirling engine

The second-order analysis approach for the cycle of Stirling engine is amended on the basis of mechanical loss and the temperature check of heater and radiator. Stirling engine is taken as the object, the alternating flow and heat exchange process of GPU-3 Stirling engine is simulated, and the changing rules of its internal pressure, temperature, velocity, power and efficiency are obtained. The simulation results are identical to the test results of NASA. The amended second-order analysis approach is used to analyze the effect of engine’s rotating speed, working substance and average pressure on the engine’s output performance. The error of the amended approach is less than 20%. The approach may be useful for the optimization design and the characteristic analysis of Stirling engine.     

花椒精油的提取、抗菌活性研究及GC-MS分析

中国是花椒主产地。花椒的品种、生长环境以及提取方法的不同都会导致花椒精油化学组成与含量的差异。对产自山东德州的花椒采用索氏提取法提取花椒精油,分析精油抗菌活性,采用气相-质谱联用仪(GC-MS)分析精油化学成分。结果表明,不同溶剂提取所得精油在颜色、气味、状态等方面差别明显,对微生物抑制程度也不同,其中,乙醚提取的精油抗菌活性最强,对7种受试菌均有明显抑制作用。GC-MS显示在匹配度大于80%时,乙醚和石油醚提取的精油分别鉴定出45和63种物质,酮类为主要组分,2种精油中都含有大量的未被报道过的1（- 2-羟基-4,6-甲氧基苯基）乙酮。花椒精油作为花椒的重要功能成分,将会在食品呈香及抑菌防腐方面发挥重要的作用。