Cryptic genetic diversity in “widespread” Southeast Asian bird species suggests that Philippine avian endemism is gravely underestimated

Mistakenly classifying morphologically cryptic endemic species as populations of widespread species potentially interferes with the conservation of biodiversity because undetected endemics that are imperilled may lack appropriate protection. It also impedes the reconstruction of the evolutionary history of a taxon by obscuring the number and distributional limits of species. Here, we present genetic and phylogenetic evidence corroborated by morphology that Philippine populations of seven widespread, non-migratory passerine birds might represent unrecognized, distinct species. An extrapolation based on this finding suggests that the proportion of endemic bird species in the Philippines could be much higher than currently estimated. This high degree of cryptic diversity in a well-studied, volant taxon implies that large numbers of unrecognized species can be expected in less thoroughly studied groups. We predict that genetic investigations of insular populations of widespread species will frequently reveal unrecognized island endemics, and because of the vulnerability of island habitats and their biota, these taxa may be particularly susceptible to extinction.     

Biodiversity conservation in human-modified landscapes of Mesoamerica: Past, present and future

Mesoamerica provides a unique context for biodiversity conservation in managed landscapes because of its geography, history of human intervention, and present conservation and development initiatives. The long and narrow form of the Mesoamerican landmass, and its division by a central mountain range, has served as both a bridge and a barrier. Conservation efforts in Mesoamerica are unique for the emphasis they place on regional connectivity through the Mesoamerican Biological Corridor and on biodiversity conservation in managed landscapes. The emphasis on conservation in agricultural systems has fostered innovations in payment for ecosystem services, and provides novel insights on the functional role that biodiversity plays in the provisioning of ecosystem services. The increasing rate of economic development in the region and the advent of new payment for ecosystem service schemes have provided new opportunities for forest regeneration and restoration. However, the small scale of private landholdings and the diversity of land uses featured in the region, while contributing to biodiversity conservation due to their structural and floristic complexity, present challenges for biodiversity monitoring and management.     

基于响应面分析方法的氧化乐果降解条件优化

[目的]采用响应曲面法对影响氧化乐果降解的因素进行优化。[方法]选取5个因素pH值（A）、接种量（B）、装液量（C）、温度（D）和摇床转速（E）的最佳水平范围进行研究。通过对二次多项回归方程求解获得氧化乐果降解的最佳条件。[结果]氧化乐果降解的优化条件为：pH值7.10,接种量9.46%,装液量86.38ml,培养温度30.25℃和摇床转速165.32r/min。在此最优条件下,氧化乐果的降解率最大,响应预测值为71.78%,验证值为71.40%。[结论]该研究为降低氧化乐果对动物体的危害提供科学依据。     

东南亚华文视野中的杨骚

相对一些闽籍华侨作家而言,杨骚的部分话剧、诗歌、散文等是东南亚华文视野中比较早出现的作品。以杨骚的东南亚之行为切入点,从宏观角度探讨分析杨骚从事东南亚华文创作的起因、成就及其地位,说明杨骚是东南亚华文剧坛的先行者,指出鲁迅对杨骚华文创作的提携与推动作用,对杨骚研究和东南亚华文研究具有重要意义。     

东北亚地区协调发展中的森林和水资源保护问题

东北亚是指亚洲的东北部地区，按地理位置的分布，包括中国的东北、华北地区，俄罗斯远东西伯利亚地区，日本，韩国，朝鲜以及蒙古东部，也就是整个环太平洋地区。东北亚地区总面积900多万km2，总人口约3亿人，占世界经济总量的1／5。因此，探讨其陆地生态系统的森林和水资源问题就显得尤为必要。     

Saving wild tigers: A case study in biodiversity loss and challenges to be met for recovery beyond 2010

Wild tigers are being annihilated. Tiger range countries and their partners met at the 1st Asian Ministerial Conference on Tiger Conservation in January 2010 to mandate the creation of the Global Tiger Recovery Program to double the number of tigers by 2022. Only 3200–3600 wild adult tigers remain, approximately half of the population estimated a decade ago. Tigers now live in only 13 countries, all of which are experiencing severe environmental challenges and degradation from the effects of human population growth, brisk economic expansion, rapid urbanization, massive infrastructure development and climate change. The overarching challenge of tiger conservation, and the conservation of biodiversity generally, is that there is insufficient demand for the survival of wild tigers living in natural landscapes. This allows the criminal activities of poaching wild tigers and their prey and trafficking in tiger derivatives to flourish and tiger landscapes to be diminished. The Global Tiger Recovery Program will support scaling up of practices already proven effective in one or more tiger range countries that need wider policy support, usually resources, and new transnational actions that enhance the effectiveness of individual country actions. The program is built on robust National Tiger Recovery Priorities that are grouped into themes: (i) strengthening policies that protect tigers; (ii) protecting tiger conservation landscapes; (iii) scientific management and monitoring; (iv) engaging communities; (v) cooperative management of international tiger landscapes; (vi) eliminating transnational illegal wildlife trade; (vii) persuading people to stop consuming tiger; (viii) enhancing professional capacity of policy-makers and practitioners; and (ix) developing sustainable, long-term financing mechanisms for tiger and biodiversity conservation.     

中原经济区建设中农村人口有序转移的政府责任研究

以当前国家主体功能区划分背景下中原经济区建设为背景,在对中原经济区建设中农村人口有序转移进行研究的基础上,提出了各级政府部门推动农村人口有序转移的对策建议。     

东北亚四国（地区）SMV株系毒力比较

将我国，韩国，日本及俄罗斯远东地区的ＳＭＶ株系与鉴别寄主交互接种测定其毒力。结果指出采用外国的株系鉴别寄坟难以区分我国株系毒力。同样，用我国鉴别寄坟也难以区分外国毒株的毒力，所测定的我国９个株系的１３个代表毒株全部能侵染最抗病的鉴别寄主韩国的Ｂｕｆｆａｌｏ和日本的Ｈａｒｏｊｏｙ。     

Control of rabies: epidemiology of rabies in Asia and development of new-generation vaccines for rabies

Rabies is an enzootic viral disease widespread throughout the world. Although it is a vaccine-preventable disease, the annual number of human deaths caused by rabies is estimated to be 32,000 in Asia. Phylogenetic analysis based on sequence data of the partial N gene of rabies viruses in Asia has shown that the viruses are divided into five genogroups, distributed in Middle East, South Asia, South East Asia, Malay, and Arctic regions. The genetic relationships among these rabies viruses agree basically with the results of previous studies. Meanwhile, new types of vaccines are being developed by applying gene manipulation techniques to rabies virus in order to overcome the disadvantages of current vaccines. This article reviews the molecular epidemiology of rabies in Asia and progress made in the development of new-generation rabies vaccines with the goal of elimination or control of rabies in Asia.     

A methodology for evaluating a location as a selection site for an international plant breeding program

Summary A method for comparing locations as selection sites based upon their abilities to predict yield and disease reaction over a target region is proposed. The probability of coincidence in selection for a site is defined as the probability for a line selected at the site to be selected at other sites within the region. The probability of divergence in rejection is defined as that associated with regional selection of a line given that is discarded by the site where selection is being conducted. The ideal selection site would maximize the probability of coincidence in selection and minimize the probability of divergence in rejection. The method is illustrated using a set of data from the rice yield nurseries of the International Rice Testing Program for Latin America planted under the rainfed conditions of Central América and México during the period 1978–1984. Five locations were compared for their predictive ability in selecting for the rainfed rice growing region, based on yield and disease reaction. Selection for yield was defined as performance superior to the best check in each location. Selection for disease reaction was based on an index derived from the Standard Evaluation System for Rice for diseases of regional importance. Locations varies 10–15 percent in their selection coincidence with the region for both yield and disease selection criteria applied independently.